A&P II: Chapter 17-19 conditions AI

iron-deficiency anemia

Caused by inadequate iron → reduced hemoglobin formation.

pernicious anemia

Vitamin B₁₂ or intrinsic-factor deficiency → impaired RBC maturation.

hemolytic anemia

Premature rupture of RBCs from infection, transfusion reaction, or genetic defect.

aplastic anemia

Bone-marrow failure → decreased production of all blood cells.

sickle cell anemia

Genetic disorder producing HbS → sickle-shaped RBCs block vessels and lower O₂ delivery.

leukocytosis

Elevated WBC count, often from infection or stress.

leukopenia

Abnormally low WBC count from chemo, radiation, or autoimmune disease.

mononucleosis

Viral infection (Epstein–Barr) causing fatigue and excess lymphocytes.

thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count → bleeding and bruising risk.

hemophilia

Hereditary lack of clotting factors → prolonged bleeding.

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Widespread clotting followed by bleeding due to overactivated clotting pathways.

embolism

A traveling clot or particle that lodges and blocks a blood vessel.

thrombosis

Formation of a stationary blood clot within a vessel.

septicemia

Blood poisoning from systemic infection.

angina pectoris

Chest pain from temporary deficiency of blood to the myocardium.

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Narrowing of coronary arteries by atherosclerotic plaque.

arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm (too fast, too slow, or irregular).

atrial fibrillation

Chaotic atrial impulses → pooling of blood and clot risk.

ventricular fibrillation

Life-threatening quivering of ventricles → cardiac arrest.

heart block

Impaired electrical conduction between atria and ventricles.

mitral valve prolapse

Mitral valve flaps bulge back into atrium during contraction.

stenosis

Narrowing of a valve opening restricting blood flow.

regurgitation

Valve fails to close → backward blood flow.

rheumatic heart disease

Valve damage from autoimmune reaction to strep infection.

endocarditis

Infection of the heart’s inner lining or valves.

cardiomyopathy

Disease of heart muscle causing enlarged or stiff ventricles and reduced function.

arteriosclerosis

General thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls.

varicose veins

Dilated, twisted veins from weak or faulty valves.

hemorrhoids

Varicose veins in the anal region.

phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein causing pain and redness.

thrombophlebitis

Vein inflammation accompanied by clot formation.

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Clot in a deep leg vein; may cause pulmonary embolism.

pulmonary embolism (PE)

Blockage of pulmonary artery by a traveling clot.

aortic dissection

Tear in inner aortic wall → internal bleeding and shock.

primary hypertension

High BP with no known cause.

secondary hypertension

High BP resulting from another disorder (renal or endocrine).

shock

Inadequate tissue perfusion due to circulatory failure.

hypovolemic shock

Shock from severe blood or fluid loss.

vascular (distributive) shock

Extreme vasodilation (anaphylactic, septic) lowering BP.

cardiogenic shock

Shock from heart pump failure (e.g., after MI).

aneurysm rupture

Burst of an aneurysm causing internal hemorrhage.

sclerotherapy

Injection treatment to scar and close varicose/spider veins.

phlebotomy

Incision or puncture of a vein for drawing blood.