Synthetic routes ch28

Alkene → Haloalkane

Alkene → Haloalkane

Hydrogen halide

Alkene → Alkane

Hydrogen

Nickel catalyst

Alkene → Alcohol

Steam

H3PO4 Catalyst

Alkene → Polymer

High pressure

High temperature

Alkane → Haloalkane

Halogen

UV light

Alcohol → Alkene

Conc. H2SO4/H3PO4

Heat

Alcohol → Haloalkane

Sodium halide

H2SO4

Haloalkane → Alcohol

NaOH Reflux

Alcohol → Aldehyde

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Distil

Alcohol → Ketone

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Reflux

Alcohol → Ester

Carboxylic acid

conc. H2SO4 catalyst

or Acid anhydride or Acyl chloride

Aldehyde → Carboxylic acid

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Reflux

Aldehyde → Hydroxynitrile

NaCN/H+

(HCN)

Ketone → Hydroxynitrile

NaCN/H+

(HCN)

Ketone → Alcohol

NaBH4/H2O

Aldehyde → Alcohol

NaBH4/H2O

Haloalkane → Nitrile

NaCN Ethanol Reflux

Haloalkane → Amine

NH3

Ethanol (in excess)

Heat

Nitrile → Amine

Hydrogen

Nickel Catalyst

Nitrile → Carboxylic acid

H2O/HCl

Heat

Reflux

1⁰ Amine → 2⁰ amine

Haloalkane Ethanol

Amine → 2⁰ amide

acyl chloride

Acyl chloride → 1⁰ amide

NH3

Acyl chloride → 2⁰ amide

1° amine

Acyl chloride → Carboxylic acid

H2O

Carboxylic acid → Acyl chloride`

SOCl2

Acyl chloride → Ester

Alcohol

Ester →Carboxylic acid

Dilute acid/alkali Heat Reflux

Carboxylic acid → Ester

Alcohol conc. H2SO4 catalyst

Benzene → Halobenzene

Halogen

Halogen carrier catalyst (AlCl₃)

Heat

Benzene → Alkyl benzene

Haloalkane

Halogen carrier catalyst (AlCl3)

Reflux

Benzene →Nitrobenzene

Conc. HNO3

Conc. H2SO4

Heat

Nitrobenzene →Phenylamine

1. Sn Conc. HCl Reflux

2. NaOH

Benzene → Phenylketone

Acyl chloride

Halogen carrier catalyst (AlCl3)

Reflux

Phenol → Sodium phenoxide

NaOH

Phenol → Phenyl Ester

Acyl Chloride

Phenol →2-Nitrophenol/4-Nitrophenol

Dilute HNO3

Phenol →2,4,6-tribromophenol

Bromine water