Terminology, Osteology & Arthrology

Which part of the skeleton is in blue?

Axial Skeleton

Which part of the skeleton is in blue?

Appendicular Skeleton

How many bones are in the human skeleton?

206

How many bones in axial skeleton?

80

How many bones in appendicular skeleton?

126

What is the axial skeleton comprised of?

Skull (facial bones & cranium), hyoid, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, thorax

What is the appendicular skeleton comprised of?

Extremities

List the levels of structural organization that make up the human body from smallest to largest.

Cells - Tissues - Organs - Organ Systems - Organism

How many organ systems are there?

10

List the organ systems.

1. Skeletal

2. Circulatory

3. Digestive

4. Respiratory

5. Urinary

6. Reproductive

7. Nervous

8. Muscular

9. Endocrine

10. Integumentary

List the 4 functions of the skeletal system.

1. Support/protect many soft tissues of the body.

2. Allow movement through interaction w/ muscles to form a system of levers.

3. Produce blood cells.

4. Store calcium.

Where are blood cells produced?

Skeletal system (bones)

List the 6 functions of the circulatory system.

1. Distribute oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body.

2. Transport cell waste and carbon dioxide from the cells.

3. Transport water, electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes.

4. Protect against disease.

5. Prevent hemorrhage by forming blood clots.

6. Assist in regulating body temperature.

The circulatory system is composed of what two systems/organs?

1. Cardiovascular organs

2. Lymphatic system

Define osteology.

The study of bones.

Define arthrology.

The study of joints.

What is does the digestive system include (broad answer).

Alimentary canal and certain accessory organs.

What is the alimentary canal made of? (7 Structures)

1. Mouth

2. Pharynx

3. Esophagus

4. Stomach

5. Small intestine

6. Large intestine

7. Anus

List the accessory organs of the digestive system. (4 Structures)

1. Salivary glands

2. Liver

3. Gallbladder

4. Pancreas

List the two functions of the digestive system.

1. Prepare food for absorption by the cells.

2. Eliminate solid wastes from the body.

List the 3 functions of the respiratory system.

1. Supply oxygen to the blood and eventually the cells.

2. Eliminate carbon dioxide from the blood.

3. Assist in regulating the acid-base balance of the blood.

What is the respiratory system made of?

Two lungs and the passages that connect the lungs to the outside atmosphere.

What are the structures that make up the passageway from the exterior to the alveoli of the lungs?

1. Nose

2. mouth

3. Pharynx

4. Larynx

5. Trachea

6. Bronchial tree

List the 4 functions of the urinary system.

1. Regulate the chemical composition of blood.

2. Eliminate many waste products.

3. Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and volume.

4. Maintain the acid-base balance of the body.

What are the four organs of the urinary system?

1. Kidneys

2. Ureters

3. Bladder

4. urethra

What is the function of the reproductive system?

Reproduce the organism.

What is the reproductive system made of?

Organs that produce, transport, and store germ cells.

What produce, store and transport germ cells in males?

Testes, vas deferense, prostate gland, and penis.

What produce, store and transport germ cells in females?

Ovaries, uterine (fallopian tubes), uterus, and vagina.

What is the function of the nervous system?

To coordinate voluntary and involuntary body activities and transmit electrical impulses to various parts of the body and brain.

What is the nervous system made of?

1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

3. Nerves

4. Ganglia

5. Special sense organs (eyes and ears)

What are the three functions of muscle tissue?

1. Allow movement such as locomotion of the body or movement.

2. Maintain posture.

3. Produce body heat.

What are the three types of muscles that comprise the muscular system?

1. Skeletal

2. Smooth

3. Cardiac

The endocrine system include what?

All ductless glands.

What are the 9 ductless glands of the endocrine system?

1. Testes

2. Ovaries

3. Pancreas

4. Adrenals

5. Thymus

6. Thyroid

7. Parathyroid

8. Pineal

9. Pituitary

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Regulate bodily activities through the various hormones carried by the cardiovascular system.

What is the integumentary system comprised of?

Skin and all structures derived from the skin.

What is the largest organ of the body?

Skin.

What are the derived structures of the skin?

1. Hair

2. Skin

3. Nails

4. Sweat & oil glands

What are the 5 functions of the integumentary system?

1. Regulate body temperature.

2. Protect the body (within limits) against microbial invasion and mechanical, chemical, and UV radiation damage.

3. Eliminate waste products through perspiration.

4. Receive Certain stimuli such as temperature, pressure, and pain.

5. Synthesize certain vitamins and biochemicals such as Vitamin D.

List the 4 classification of bones.

1. Long bones

2. Short bones

3. Flat bones

4. Irregular bones

What is the name of the special type of small, oval-shaped bones that are embedded in certain tendons?

Sesamoid bones

What are the two largest sesamoid bones?

The two patellae.

What are long bones comprised of?

1. Body

2. Two ends/extremities

What is the composition of long bones?

1. Compact bone/cortex

2. Body/shaft

3. Spongy/cancellous bone

4. Medullary cavity

5. Periosteum

6. Hyaline cartilage

What is compact bone?

Outer, dense shell of long bones.

Where is spongy/cancellous bone and what does it contain?

Inside of compact bone at both ends.

Contains red bone marrow (production of RBC).

Where are RBCs produced?

Inside of bone marrow in cancellous bone.

Where are the medullary cavities found?

The hollow portion of bone.

Where is fatty yellow marrow found?

Inside the medullary cavities of bone.

What are short bones mostly comprised of?

Cancellous tissue with a thin outer covering of compact bone.

Where are short bones found?

Carpals of the wrist & tarsals of the foot

What do flat bones consist of?

Two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone & bone marrow between them.

Provide examples of flat bones.

Skull cap, sternum, ribs, and scapulae.

Provide examples of irregular bones.

Vertebrae, facial bones, bones of the base of the cranium, and bones of the pelvis.

Define ossification.

The process by which bones form within the body.

In adults, what are some bones that RBCs are produced?

Ends of long bones, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvis.

What are the two types of bone formation?

1. Intramembranous

2. Endochondral

Define intramembranous ossification

When bone replaces membranes.

Define endochondral ossification.

When bone replaces cartilage.

True/False: Intramembranous ossification is a slow process that primarily occurs in long bones.

False: It is a rapidly occurring process that occurs in sutures of the skullcap.

True/False: Endochondral ossification is a slower process and occurs in most parts of the skeleton, especially long bones.

True.

Where is the primary center of ossification?

Midbody area.

Where is the primary center of ossification in growing bones, and what does it become?

Diaphysis that becomes the body in fully developed bones.

Where do secondary centers of ossification appear?

Near the ends of long bones.

What is each secondary center of ossification called?

Epiphysis

Where are epiphyseal plates found?

Between the metaphysis and epiphysis.

What is the age range of full (osteological) maturity?

20-25 years

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?

1. Synarthrosis

2. Amphiarthrosis

3. Diarthrosis

Define synarthrosis

Immovable joints

Define amphiarthrosis

Limited movement

Define diarthrosis

Freely moveable joints

What is an example of a synarthrodial joint?

Sutures of the skull

What is an example of a amphiarthrodial joint?

Distal tib/fib joint.

What is an example of a diarthrodial joint?

Glenohumeral joint

What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?

1. Fibrous

2. Cartilaginous

3. Synovial

3 Types of fibrous joints.

1. Syndesmosis

2. Suture

3. Gomphosis

True/False: Syndesmotic joints are amphiarthrodial.

True

Example of syndesmotic joints.

Distal tib-fib, carpals and tarsals.

Which kind of functional joint is a suture?

Synarthrosis

Gomphosis joints are specific to what?

Gums

Cartilaginous joints lacks what?

A joint cavity

2 Types of cartilaginous joints.

1. Symphysis

2. Synchondrosis

Examples of symphysis joints.

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks

Synchondrosis joints are what kind of functional joints?

Synarthrosis.

Example of synchondrosis.

Epiphyseal plates

Synovial joints are characterized by what?

A fibrous joint capsule containing synovial fluid.

True/False: Synovial joints are amphiarthrodial.

False: Diarthrodial.

List the 7 movement types of synovial joints.

1. Plane (gliding)

2. Ginglymus (Hinge)

3. Pivot (trochoid)

4. Ellipsoid (condylar)

5. Saddle (sellar)

6. Ball & socket (spheroidal)

7. Bicondylar

Plane/gliding joints offer what type of movements?

Sliding or gliding between the articulating surfaces.

Examples of plane joints.

1. Intermetacarpal joints

2. Carpometacarpal joints

3. Intercarpal joints

4. Atlantoaxial joints

Ginglymus (hinge) joints offer what type of movements?

Flexion and extension only.

Examples of ginglymus/hinge joints.

1. Elbow

2. Interphalangeal joints of fingers & toes

Pivot (trochoid) joints provide what types of movement?

Rotational movement around a single axis.

Examples of pivot/trochoid joints.

1. Proximal/distal radioulnar joints

2. Between first and second cervical vertebrae

Ellipsoid (condylar) joints allow for what types of movement?

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.

Examples of ellipsoid/condylar joints?

1. Metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers

2. Radiocarpal (wrist) joints

3. Metatarsophalangeal joints of toes

Saddle (sellar) joints offer what types of movement?

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction

What’s the difference between ellipsoidal and saddle joints?

Ellipsoid: Movement occurs primarily in one plane.

Saddle: Ends of the bones are shaped concave-convex and are positioned opposite each other.