TEAS science

synthesize proteins from amino acids, embedded in the rough ER.

ribosomes

involved in synthesizing materials that are transported out/within of the cell

golgi apparatus

sacs used for storage, digestion and waste removal. Only one large one in plant cells

vacuole

small organelle, moves material within a cell

vesicles

consists of microtubules (made from proteins) that help shape and support the cell

cytoskeleton

liquid material within a cell

cytosol

refers to cytosol and the structures within the plasma membrane of the cell

cytoplasm

has ribosomes on the surface, comprises the transport system

rough er

does not have ribosomes on surface, comprises the transport system

smooth er

structure generates atp, cellular differentiation, cell cycle and cell growth regulation. numerous in eukaryotes (animal cells)

mitochondria

contains chromosomes and passes on genetic traits (DNA)

nucleus

chromosomes

rods of DNA

the dna and proteins that make up chromosomes

chromatin

within the nucleus, involved in protein synthesis, and synthesizes and stores RNA

nucleolus

encloses the structures of the nucleus, made from lipids

nuclear membrane

involved in the exchange of material between the nucleus and cytoplasm

nuclear pores

liquid within the nucleus

nucleoplasm

involved in the transportation of substances throughout the cell. It plays a primary role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids and proteins.

Endoplasmic reticulum

protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell and help in cell renewal.

lysosomes

primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the pigment called chlorophyll.

chloroplasts

solid to liquid

melting

liquid to solid

freezing

liquid to gas

vaporization

solid to gas

sublimation

gas to solid

deposition

gas to liquid

condensation

ph lower than 7

acidic (water ,hydrochloric acid)

pH greater than 7

base (cleaning ingredients)

How can you calculate the number of protons of an element?

number of protons is the same as the atomic number on the top of the element

how do you calculate the number of neutrons?

Atomic Mass - Atomic Number \= \# of Neutrons

Mitosis

The daughter cell is an exact replica of the parent cell

Meiosis

daughter cells have different gene coding than parent cell

INTERPHASE

cell prepares for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic material

PROPHASE

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

METAPHASE

Spindle moves to the *center* of the cell and chromosome pairs *align* along the center of the spindle structure.

ANAPHASE

chromosomes start to pull away from each other (daughter chromosomes

TELOPHASE

spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes revert to chromatin.

CYTOKINESIS

physical pulling of the cell into two cells.

covalent bond

sharing of electrons between 2 or more atoms

ionic bonds

relationship between two oppositely charged ions

electrons shared equally

nonpolar covalent bond

electrons shared unequally

polar covalent bond

ion

an atom gains or loses electrons, making it negatively or positively charged

genotype

genes forming an individual

recessive genes

genes that aren't expressed

allele

determines the manifestation of genes

cation

positively formed when an atom loses one or more electron

anion

formed when an atom gains one or more electrons

segmentation

involuntary process occurring in the large intestine

haustral contractions

form of segmentation that moves chyme from one haustrum to the next

Mass peristalsis

movements that occur 2-4 a day to push chyme towards the rectum

salivary amylase

begins chemical breakdown of polysaccharides into simpler sugars

lingual lipase

breaks down lipids

mucin

a protein that helps to form a gel-like coating that lubricates the bolus of food

parietal cells of stomach

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor for B12 absorption

chief cells of the stomach

secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptide fragments, inactive form is pepsinogen

mucous cells

secrete bicarbonate-containing mucus to protect the stomach from the acidity and digestive enzymes

endocrine G cells secrete

release hormones such as gastrin into the blood and do not contribute to gastric juices

Enteroendoncrine cells

secrete CCK, which stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to release enzyme-rich juices.

secretin stimulates

duct cells to release bicarbonate-rich solution that raises pH

microvilli

tiny folds of the apical cell membrane (small intestine) that increase surface area.

jejunum

main site for absorption

duodenum

shortest segment but widest

CNS (central nervous system)

consists of the brain and spinal cord, integrates sensory information

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

cranial nerves and spinal nerves, sends information to AND from the CNS

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

interoreceptors (visceroreceptors)

respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels

Mechanoreceptors

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

Chemoreceptors

respond to chemicals (olfactory and taste receptors)

photoreceptors (rods and cones)

respond to light

Proprioceptors

within the inner ear, skeletal muscles, and joints provide information about movement, position, and equilibrium

sensory (afferent) neurons

neurons of the PNS that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

motor (efferent) neurons

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites (muscles and glands)

phasic receptors

rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and turn off, action potentials decrease over time. e.g include chemoreceptors

Tonic receptors

adapt slowly, alerting CNS of the stimulus with action potentials. e.g include proprioreceptors, photoreceptors and nocireceptors

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

stimulated by GnRH, targets gonads, stimulates maturation of sperm cells and ovarian follicles

LH (luteinizing hormone)

targets the gonads - stimulates the production of sex hormones; surge stimulates ovulation in females

oxytocin

targets uterus and breasts. stimulates contractions and milk production

ADH

targets kidneys, increases water retention

Calcitonin

targets bones and kidneys, lowers blood calcium levels

parathyroid hormone

targets bone and kidneys. raises blood calcium levels

Calcitriol

increases calcium retention

layers of the skin in order

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

which layer of the skin contains desmodomes?

stratum spinosum

which layer of the skin contains granules of keratohyalin?

stratum granulosum

which layer of the skin contains flattened keratinnocytes found in the palms and soles. also called eleidin?

stratum lucidum

which layer has keratin-containing squamous cells?

stratum corneum

where can you find abundant keratinocytes?

stratum basale

which layer of the skin contain langerhan cells (phagocytes)?

stratum spinosum

where are the cutaneous receptors that detect light found in the skin (merkel cells)?

stratum basale

appocrine glands

lie deeper in the dermis, activate onset of puberty in response sex hormones

eccrine glands

glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body

hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage, found in the epiglottis and external ear

Fibrocartilage

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.

ligaments

Connect bone to bone

tendon

connects muscle to bone

stores semen

epididymis