Bio - Unit 3 TEST

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine Tri-Phosphate

Where in the cell is ATP formed?

The Mitochondria

What is cellular respiration?

The break down of glucose - transferring the energy into molecules of ATP

Where is the energy in a molecule of ATP?

In the bonds between phosphate groups

Does ATP have high or low energy?

HIGH

Does ADP have high or low energy?

LOW

What is the purpose of ACTIVE TRANSPORT in energy transfer?

Preventing equilibrium.

How is the analogy of a dam helpful in understanding how ATP is made?

1. A concentration gradient exists

2. High to Low movement spins turbines moving water, moving protons and ATP synthase

3. Energy produces: Turbine = electricity

   ATP Synthase = ATP

What is ATP synthase?

A large protein found in all cells that uses energy from flowing H+ to recharge ADP into ATP

What is chemiosmosis?

The movement of H+ across a membrane down their gradient to make ATP

How is passive transport a part of Chemiosmosis?

Protons flowing high to love through ATP synthase

How is active transport a part of chemiosmosis?

Pumping protons from low to high through ETC

What is photosynthesis?

Captures the energy (sunlight) to make glucose for chemical energy

Where in the chloroplast does photosynthesis happen?

1. Grana/Thylakoids

2. Stroma

What happens in the Grana/Thylakoids?

1. Light DEPENDANT Reactions

2. Sunlight and water are used to produce ATP and give off oxygen through a series of reactions by the electron transport chain

What happens in the Stroma

1. Light INDEPENDENT reactions (Calvin Cycle)

2. ATP and Carbon Dioxide are used to produce sugars (glucose) to be used as food (chemical energy) for the plant

How do animals get glucose?

Through the food they eat

Glycolysis

Glucose broken down before reaching mitochondria

If a process REQUIRES OXYGEN it is called an…

Aerobic process

Why does cellular respiration have to happen?

To take glucose that cannot be used and create ATP

If it does NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN it is called an…

Anaerobic process

Where does Glycolysis take place?

In the Cytoplasm (Not Mitochondria)

What happens during Glycolysis?

Takes glucose and makes ATP and (2) 3 carbon molecules called PYRUVATE molecules

Where does the Krebs cycle happen?

The matrix

What happens during the Krebs Cycle?

Makes small amount of ATP, and releases our 6 Carbon Dioxide molecules

Where is the Electron Transport Chain?

The inner membrane

What happens in the ETC

A group of proteins that use electrons to pump H+ make large amounts of ATP and release our 6 Waters

Does Glycolysis require oxygen?

No - it is ANAEROBIC

Does the Krebs Cycle require oxygen?

Yes - it is AEROBIC

Does the ETC require oxygen?

Yes - it is AEROBIC

How many ATP is made in cellular respiration?

38

• 2 from Glycolysis

• 2 from Krebs Cycle

• 34 from ETC

Why do you breathe? What is the purpose of oxygen?

Helps attract the electrons needed for the ETC. They maintain the H+ concentration gradient in the mitochondria

What happens when the oxygen supply is low, and organisms still require energy?

Formation allows glycolysis to continue to make ATP

What is Fermentation?

• Occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration

• Allows glycolysis to continue to make ATP

What are the two types of fermentation?

1. Lactic Acid: Used by some bacteria, fungi, and muscle cells. Produces lactic acid.

2. Alcoholic: used by some bacteria and yeast cells. Produces 2 alcohol molecules (ethanol) + 2 carbon dioxide molecules

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Because the products of one reactions are the reactants of the other reaction, this enables all life to be able to survive

Compare and contrast the two types of fermentation

• Lactic acid is in our muscles. It is what we do.

• We dont do alcoholic fermentation. That is used in things like yeast and bacteria.