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What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
Where in the cell is ATP formed?
The Mitochondria
What is cellular respiration?
The break down of glucose - transferring the energy into molecules of ATP
Where is the energy in a molecule of ATP?
In the bonds between phosphate groups
Does ATP have high or low energy?
HIGH
Does ADP have high or low energy?
LOW
What is the purpose of ACTIVE TRANSPORT in energy transfer?
Preventing equilibrium.
How is the analogy of a dam helpful in understanding how ATP is made?
A concentration gradient exists
High to Low movement spins turbines moving water, moving protons and ATP synthase
Energy produces: Turbine = electricity
ATP Synthase = ATP
What is ATP synthase?
A large protein found in all cells that uses energy from flowing H+ to recharge ADP into ATP
What is chemiosmosis?
The movement of H+ across a membrane down their gradient to make ATP
How is passive transport a part of Chemiosmosis?
Protons flowing high to love through ATP synthase
How is active transport a part of chemiosmosis?
Pumping protons from low to high through ETC
What is photosynthesis?
Captures the energy (sunlight) to make glucose for chemical energy
Where in the chloroplast does photosynthesis happen?
Grana/Thylakoids
Stroma
What happens in the Grana/Thylakoids?
Light DEPENDANT Reactions
Sunlight and water are used to produce ATP and give off oxygen through a series of reactions by the electron transport chain
What happens in the Stroma
Light INDEPENDENT reactions (Calvin Cycle)
ATP and Carbon Dioxide are used to produce sugars (glucose) to be used as food (chemical energy) for the plant
How do animals get glucose?
Through the food they eat
Glycolysis
Glucose broken down before reaching mitochondria
If a process REQUIRES OXYGEN it is called an…
Aerobic process
Why does cellular respiration have to happen?
To take glucose that cannot be used and create ATP
If it does NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN it is called an…
Anaerobic process
Where does Glycolysis take place?
In the Cytoplasm (Not Mitochondria)
What happens during Glycolysis?
Takes glucose and makes ATP and (2) 3 carbon molecules called PYRUVATE molecules
Where does the Krebs cycle happen?
The matrix
What happens during the Krebs Cycle?
Makes small amount of ATP, and releases our 6 Carbon Dioxide molecules
Where is the Electron Transport Chain?
The inner membrane
What happens in the ETC
A group of proteins that use electrons to pump H+ make large amounts of ATP and release our 6 Waters
Does Glycolysis require oxygen?
No - it is ANAEROBIC
Does the Krebs Cycle require oxygen?
Yes - it is AEROBIC
Does the ETC require oxygen?
Yes - it is AEROBIC
How many ATP is made in cellular respiration?
38
2 from Glycolysis
2 from Krebs Cycle
34 from ETC
Why do you breathe? What is the purpose of oxygen?
Helps attract the electrons needed for the ETC. They maintain the H+ concentration gradient in the mitochondria
What happens when the oxygen supply is low, and organisms still require energy?
Formation allows glycolysis to continue to make ATP
What is Fermentation?
Occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration
Allows glycolysis to continue to make ATP
What are the two types of fermentation?
Lactic Acid: Used by some bacteria, fungi, and muscle cells. Produces lactic acid.
Alcoholic: used by some bacteria and yeast cells. Produces 2 alcohol molecules (ethanol) + 2 carbon dioxide molecules
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Because the products of one reactions are the reactants of the other reaction, this enables all life to be able to survive
Compare and contrast the two types of fermentation
Lactic acid is in our muscles. It is what we do.
We dont do alcoholic fermentation. That is used in things like yeast and bacteria.
Note 
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