AP World History Study Guide Flashcards

Flashcards covering key topics from the AP World History Study Guide, Unit 1 through Unit 9.

Significance of the Song Dynasty

China under the Song Dynasty (960-1279) experienced great wealth, political stability, and artistic and intellectual innovations.

The Grand Canal

An efficient waterway transportation system that enabled China to become the most populous trading area in the world.

Gunpowder

Spread from China to all parts of Eurasia via traders on the Silk Roads.

Tributes in Postclassical China

States had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor.

Women's Role in Song Dynasty China

Expected behavior indicating deference to men, seen in the constraint of foot binding.

Three Forms of Buddhism from India

Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Tibetan Buddhism.

Neo-Confucianism

Combined rational thought with the more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism.

Daimyo

Landowning aristocrats in Japan who battled for control of the land.

Shogun

Installed in 1192, a military ruler to reign in Japan.

Korea's Connection to China

Korea had a direct relationship with China and a tributary relationship, centralizing its government and adopting Confucian and Buddhist beliefs.

Social Structures in Vietnam

Vietnamese women enjoyed greater independence, preferred nuclear families, villages operated independently, and officials owed allegiance to the village peasants.

Advances in mathematics in Dar al-Islam

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi laid the groundwork for this branch in mathematics.

‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah

She may be the most prolific female Muslim writer before the 20th century.

Rights of Muslim women

Allowed to inherit property, retain ownership after marriage, remarry if widowed, receive a cash settlement if divorced and practice birth control.

Transfers of knowledge in Dar al-Islam

Preserved and expanded on Greek moral and natural philosophy; House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad; Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain

Islamic Rule in Spain

Created a climate of toleration, with Muslims, Christians, and Jews coexisting peacefully. Also promoted trade, allowing Chinese and Southeast Asian products to enter.

First kingdom over Southern India

The Chola Dynasty (850—1267).

Rajput kingdoms

Gradually formed in northern India and present-day Pakistan after the fall of the Gupta Empire.

Delhi Sultanate

Reigned for 300 years, from the l3th through the l6th centuries, bringing Islam into India.

Equality of all believers in Islam

Called for the equality of all believers.

The Bhakti Movement

Beginning in the 12th century, a movement emphasizing emotion attachment to a deity rather than rituals or studying texts.

The Srivijaya Empire

A Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra that built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China.

The Majapahit Kingdom

Based on Java, had 98 tributaries at its height and held onto its power by controlling sea routes, while practicing Buddhism.

The Khmer Empire

Situated near the Mekong River, prospered from complex irrigation and drainage systems.

The Mississippian Culture

First large-scale civilization in North America, with a rigid class structure and a matrilineal society.

Maya City-States

Consisting of a city and its surrounding territory, ruled by a king who claimed to be a descendant of a god (divine right).

The Aztecs

Hunter-gatherers who migrated to central Mexico from the north in the 1200s, founding their capital Tenochtitlan and developing a tributary system.

Government structure of Aztecs

Theocracy, religious leaders had the power.

The Incan Empire

It was split into four provinces, each with its own bureaucracy, and subject to the mit’a system, mandatory public service.

Development of Sub-Saharan Africa

Bantu-speaking people outward from west-central Africa. Communities formed kin-based networks.

Zimbabwe

Built its prosperity on a mixture of agriculture, grazing, trade, and, above all, gold.

Ethiopia

Flourished by trading goods obtained from India, Arabia, the Roman Empire, and the interior of Africa, practicing Christianity.

Social Structures of Sub-Saharan Africa

Kinship, age, and gender.

Griots

Were the conduits of history for a community.

Feudalism

Provided some security for peasants, equipment for warriors, and land to those who worked for a lord.

The manorial system

Provided economic self-sufficiency and defense, produced everything that people living on it required, limiting the need for trade and contact with outsiders.

The Estates-General

The Estates-General was a body that advised the king which included representatives from each of the three legal classes, or estates, in France: the clergy, nobility, and commoners.

Christian Church during the Middle Ages

Broken into two branches in 1054, a split called the Great Schism: Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox.

Holy Land

The region of Palestine in the Middle East containing sites of spiritual significance to Jews, Christians, and Muslims.

Bourgeoisie

Shopkeepers, craftspeople, merchants, and small landholders.

The Renaissance

A period characterized by a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, culture, art, and civic virtue.

Johannes Gutenberg’s movable-type printing press

Permitted manuscripts to be mass-produced at relatively affordable costs, leading to a growth in literacy and the rapid spread of ideas.

Humanism

The focus on individuals rather than God.

State-Building and New Empires in Period 1 (c. 1200 to c. 1450)

The Abbasid Caliphate in the Middle East was fragmented by invaders; Japan, unlike most states, became more decentralized and feudal.

Mongols and the expansion of trade

The Mongols improved roads and punished bandits, both of which increased the safety of travel on the Silk Roads.

China’s new financial systems

Government developed a system of credit known as flying cash.

Increased demand for luxury goods

Led to the expansion of iron and steel manufactured in China, motivating its proto-industrialization.

Genghis Khan

He instituted a policy of religious tolerance throughout the empire, which was unusual in the l3th century.

Batu

Son of Genghis Khan’s oldest son, led a Mongolian army of 100,000 soldiers into Russia, which at the time was a loose network of city-states and principalities. Army came to be known as the Golden Horde.

Causes of Expanded Exchange in the Indian Ocean

Spread of Islam; increased demand for specialized products; advances in maritime technology; growth of states.

Diasporic Communities in the Indian Ocean Trade

Occurred as a natural result of waiting for favorable winds for travel, these merchants interacted with the surrounding cultures and peoples of the region

Swahili City-States

The Indian Ocean trade also created thriving city-states along the east coast of Africa.

Most precious commodity traded on Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

Gold.

Sundiata

Founder who built a strong trade network in Mali

Effect of Timbuktu and Gao

Muslim life developed due to the growth in trade and wealth.

Xuanzang

Helped make Buddhism popular.

Migration to Champa

Ate rice growing region, contributing to the growth of cities.

The Mongol conquests

Helped to transmit the fleas that carried the Bubonic Plague (AKA the Black Death).

Gunpowder Empires

The term Gunpowder Empires refers to these large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia.

Europe in the mid-1400s

The mid-1400s saw the end of a wave of plagues, the conclusion of the Hundred Years’ War between France and England, and the invention of the Gutenberg printing press followed by an increase in literacy.

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

Crowned tsar in 1547, Ivan immediately set about to expand the Russian border eastward.

China’s Yuan Dynasty

Was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in 1368 after less than a century in power.

Traits of warrior leaders of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

They descended from Turkic nomads who once lived in Central Asia; They spoke a Turkic language; They took advantage of power vacuums left by the breakup of Mongol khanates.

Divine right of kings

The right to rule was given to a king by God.

Boyars

The noble landowning class.

St. Petersburg

In the mid-18th century, workers built the famous Winter Palace.

Lutheranism

Luther objected to the sale of indulgences, which granted a person absolution from the punishments for sin, and to simony, the selling of church offices. Also sola fide.

Germany's Conflict between Lutherans and the Holy Roman Empire

Conflict between Lutherans and the Holy Roman Empire resulted in the 1555 Peace of Augsburg.

Henry and the Huguenots

Henry issued the Edict of Nantes, which allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith.

Francis Bacon

Developed an early scientific method called empiricism, which insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis.

Military Tactics of Ottoman sultan and Safavid shah

The Ottoman sultan and Safavid shah used slave soldiers to offset the power of troops who had more loyalty to their tribe or local governor than to the sultan or shah.

Development of Transoceanic Travel and Trade

The voyages by Columbus connected people across the Atlantic Ocean.

John Cabot's voyage

John Cabot claimed land in Canada for Britain and established a shorter, more northerly route across the Atlantic than Columbus's route.

Vasco da Gama's voyage

Vasco da Gama opened a sea route from Europe to India and China.

Columbus's voyage

Columbus found a sea route to India and China going west from Europe.

Ferdinand Magellan's voyage

Magellan demonstrated that Europeans could reach Asia by sailing west.

Animals and Foods in the Columbian Exchange

The sharing of new crops and livestock in both directions.

Africans and Sugar cultivation

Africans captured and sold through the transatlantic slave trade for sugar cultivation.

Encomenderos

Compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter.

Mercantilism

An economic system that increased government control of the economy through high tariffs and the establishment of colonies.

Indentured Servants

Worked without pay for up to 7 years in domestic work and field work.

Free Peasants

Worked on their own land in farming or craft labor, making payments to the lord and the church

Commercial Revolution

The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver.

Atlantic trading system impact on Africa

The Atlantic trading system weakened Africa in many ways, it also ultimately spurred population growth through an improved diet.

Fronde's challenge to State Power in France

Against royal power (internal).

The Ottoman social system

A warrior aristocracy that soon began to compete for positions in the bureaucracy with the ulama, who were scholars and experts in Islamic law.

Most significant change to the global economy

The integration of the Western Hemisphere into the global trading network.

The Age of Enlightenment

It was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 17th to 19th centuries.

Zionism

The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

Revolutionary ideals in France

Summarized in the slogan liberté, égalité, et fraternité (liberty, equality, and fraternity).

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Former slave led army to establish an independent government and played French, Spanish, and British against each other.

Otto von Bismarck

Used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German unification.

Eli Whitney

Inventor created a system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing firearms for the U.S. military directly leading to the division of labor.

Impact of British management of resources

Indian shipbuilding ultimately suffered as a result of British officials’ mismanagement of resources and ineffective leadership during the period of British colonization.

Developments of Second Industrial Revolution

Developments of the second industrial revolution were in this field.

Impact of Electrification

In 1882 in London, the first commercial power station began production that lead to street lighting and electric street trains in the 1890s.

Muhammad Ali

Local leaders selected him to be the new governor of Egypt. He acted independently of the sultan.

Feudalism in Japan

The Charter Oath was formally abolished in 1868

Corporations

Some manufacturers formed giant _ in order to minimize risk. They became so powerful that they could form a monopoly.

Marine insurance

Ensured the person who provided the good or service receives a reasonable payment for it Lloyd’s of London helped establish it.