Patho Med Exam Big Review

What category is Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)

• Cardio-vascular meds

• Anti-hypertensive

What is the ACTION of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)?

Vasodilator (widens blood vessels = decreases BP)

What are Generic/Brand names of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)?

• Captopril (Capoten)

• Enalapril (Vasotec)

• Lisinopril (Prinivil)

What are the side effects of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)?

• Hypotension

• Dry Cough

• Hyperkalemia

What are the adverse reactions of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)?

• Angioedema (Deep swelling)

• Agranulocytosis (Low Neutrophils)

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)?

Obtain BP before administering (hold typically if SBP <90)

Continue lifestyle modification

Change position slowly-especially with elderly to prevent orthostatic changes

Monitor for: o decreased WBC count o Hyperkalemia o liver function & kidney function

What category is Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?

• Cardio-vascular meds

• Anti-hypertensive

What is the ACTION of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?

Vasodilator (widens blood vessels = decreases BP)

What are Generic/Brand names of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?

• Losartan

• Valsartan

• Irbesartan

What are the side effects of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?

• Hypotension

• Hyperkalemia

What are the adverse reactions of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?

• Angioedema (Deep swelling)

• Agranulocytosis (Low Neutrophils)

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?

Obtain BP before administering (hold typically if SBP <90)

Continue lifestyle modification

Change position slowly-especially with elderly to prevent orthostatic changes

Monitor for: o decreased WBC count o Hyperkalemia o liver function & kidney function

What category is Beta Adrenergic Antagonists (Beta blockers)?

• Cardio-vascular meds

• Anti-hypertensive

• Anti-anginal

What is the ACTION of Beta Adrenergic Antagonists (Beta blockers)?

• Block Beta-1 or Block Beta-1 & 2

• Vasodilator

• Slows Conduction (HR)

What are Generic/Brand names of Beta Adrenergic Antagonists (Beta blockers)?

Block Beta-1: (Cardioselective) Atenolol (Tenormin), Metoprolol (Lopressor)

Block Beta-1 & 2: (Nonselective) Propranolol (Inderal), Labetalol

What are the side effects of Beta Adrenergic Antagonists (Beta blockers)?

• Hypotension

• Bradycardia

• Fatigue / weakness

What are the adverse reactions of Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists (Beta blockers)?

• Worsening HF

• Pulmonary Edema

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists (Beta blockers)?

• Obtain BP and HR before administering (hold typically if SBP <90. HR <60)

• Assess Pulmonary non-selective can cause bronchospasms, bronchoconstriction (lungs sounds and oxygenation, SOB) •

• Change position slowly-especially with elderly to prevent orthostatic changes

• Contraindicated in worsening CHF, bradycardia of heart block…use with caution in diabetes, liver disease

What category is Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)?

• Cardio-vascular meds

• Anti-hypertensive

• Anti-anginal

What is the ACTION of Calcium Channels Blockers (CCB)?

• Vasodilator

• Slows Conduction (HR)

What are Generic/Brand names of Calcium Channels Blockers (CCB)?

• Amlodipine (Norvasc)

• Diltiazem (Cardizem)

• Nifedipine (Procardia)

• Verapamil (Calan)

What are the side effects of Calcium Channels Blockers (CCB)?

• Hypotension

• Bradycardia

• Peripheral Edema

What are the adverse reactions of Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)?

• Cardiac Dysrhythmia

• Worsening HF

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)?

• Obtain BP and HR before administering (hold typically if SBP <90. HR <60)

• Resp/Lung assessment

• Change position slowly-especially with elderly to prevent orthostatic changes

• Measure I&O closely and fluid status due to potential for edema

• Monitor liver and kidney function

What category is Alpha Adrenergic Blockers (Sympatholytics)?

• Cardio-vascular meds

• Anti-hypertensive

What is the ACTION of Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers (Sympatholytics)?

• Block Alpha-1

• Vasodilator

What are Generic/Brand names of Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers (Sympatholytics)?

• Prazosin

• Doxazosin

What are the side effects of Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers (Sympatholytics)?

• Hypotension

• Dizziness

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers (Sympatholytics)

• Obtain BP before administering (hold typically if SBP <90)

• Doxazosin also used for BPH

• Continue lifestyle modification

• Change position slowly-especially with elderly to prevent orthostatic changes

What category is Central Acting Alpha Agonists?

• Cardio-vascular meds

• Anti-hypertensive

What is the ACTION of Central Acting Alpha Agonists?

• Stimulate Alpha-2

• Vasodilate

What are the Generic/Brand names for Central Acting Alpha Agonists?

• Clonidine

• Guanfacine

• Methyldopa

What are the side effects of Central Acting Alpha Agonists?

• Hypotension

• Dizziness

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Central Acting Alpha Agonists?

• Obtain BP before administering (hold typically if SBP <90)

• Continue lifestyle modification

• Change position slowly-especially with elderly to prevent orthostatic changes

What category is Nitrates?

• Cardio-vascular meds

• Anti-anginal

What is the ACTION of Nitrates?

• Direct Vasodilators

• Antianginals

What are the Generic/Brand names of Nitrates?

• Isosorbide (Isordil)

• Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Tridil, Nitrodur)

• Nitro patch

• Nitroprusside

What is the side effects of Nitrates?

• Hypotension

• Tachycardia

• Headache

• Dizziness

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Nitrates?

• Obtain BP before administering (hold typically if SBP <90)

• Nitro SL: 1-tab q5min x3 tabs, call 911 if no relief after 1st tab

• Patches must be taken off at night and then reapplied in the morning

• Contraindicated if client taking any erectile dysfunction meds (Viagra)

What category is Cardiac Glycoside?

• Cardio-vascular meds

• HF medication

What is the ACTION of Cardiac Glycoside?

• Increase Contractility

• Decrease Conduction

• Improve SV and CO

What are the Generic/Brand names of Cardiac Glycoside?

Digoxin (Lanoxin)

What are the side effects of Cardiac Glycoside?

• Hypotension

• Bradycardia

What is the adverse reactions of Cardiac Glycoside?

Toxicity

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Cardiac Glycoside?

• Obtain BP and HR before administering (hold typically if SBP <90. HR <60)

• Evaluate BP and HR AFTER

• Assessment for green/yellow halos

• Monitor Dig Level

• Monitor K+ Levels (low K+ increased risk of toxicity)

What category is Antidysrhythmic?

• Cardiovascular

• Anti-Dysrhythmics

What is the ACTION of Antidysrhythmic?

Decrease or Increase Conduction

What are the Generic/Brand names of Antidysrhythmic?

Decrease Conduction: (Slow HR) Adenosine Amiodarone

Increase Conduction: (Increase HR) Atropine

What are the side effects of Antidysrhythmic?

• Bradycardia

• Dry mouth

• Urinary Retention

• Tachycardia

What is the adverse reactions of Antidysrhythmic?

Cardiogenic Shock

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Antidysrhythmic?

Adenosine: Rapid IV push

What category is Anticoagulants Parenteral?

Hematologic Meds

What is the ACTION of Anticoagulants Parenteral?

Prevent clotting

What are the Generic/Brand names of Anticoagulants Parenteral?

Heparin

LMWH: Enoxaparin (Lovenox)

What are the adverse reactions of Anticoagulants Parental?

Bleeding

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Anticoagulants Parental?

• Observe, Assess and teach for signs of bleeding

• Avoid NSAIDS

• Monitor labs when applicable

What category is Anticoagulants Oral?

Hematologic meds

What is the ACTION of Anticoagulants Oral?

• Block Vit K

• Block Factor Xa

• Prevent clotting

What are the Generic/Brand names of Anticoagulants Oral?

• Warfarin (Coumadin)

• Dabigatran (Pradaxa)

• Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)

What are the adverse reactions of Anticoagulants Oral?

Bleeding

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Anticoagulants Oral

• Observe, Assess and teach for signs of bleeding

• Avoid NSAIDS

• Monitor labs when applicable

• Warfarin: Monitor Vit. K sources

What category is Antiplatelet?

Hematologic meds

What is the ACTION of Antiplatelet?

• Block Platelet Aggregation

• Prevent clotting

• Used for preeclampsia in OB

• Used for Kawasaki in peds

What are the Generic/Brand names for Antiplatelets?

• Clopidogrel (Plavix)

• Abciximab (ReoPro)

• Aspirin

What is the adverse reaction of Antiplatelets?

Bleeding

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Antiplatelets?

• Observe, Assess and teach for signs of bleeding

• Avoid NSAIDS

• Monitor labs when applicable

• Give w/ food

• Monitor for bleeding

• Ototoxicity (tinnitus)

What category is Loop Diuretics?

• Urinary System Meds

• Diuretics

What is the ACTION of Loop Diuretics?

Increase Fluid Excretion

What are the Generic/Brand names of Loop Diuretics?

Furosemide (Lasix)

What are the side effects of Loop Diuretics?

• Hypotension

• Dizziness

• FVD

• Electrolyte Imbalance

What are the adverse reactions of Loop Diuretics?

Hypokalemia

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Loop Diuretics?

• Obtain BP before/after administering (hold typically if SBP <90)

• Assess and Monitor Electrolytes (BMP)

• Assess Fluid balance

What category is Thiazide Diuretics?

• Urinary System Meds

• Diuretics

What is the ACTION of Thiazide Diuretics?

Increase Fluid Excretion

What are the Generic/Brand names of Thiazide Diuretics?

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

What are the side effects of Thiazide Diuretics?

• Hypotension

• Dizziness

• FVD

• Electrolyte Imbalance

What are the adverse reactions of Thiazide Diuretics?

Hypokalemia

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Thiazide Diuretics?

• Obtain BP before/after administering (hold typically if SBP <90)

• Assess and Monitor Electrolytes (BMP)

• Assess Fluid balance

What category is Potassium-sparing Diuretics?

• Urinary System Meds

• Diuretics

What is the ACTION of Potassium-sparing Diuretics?

Increase Fluid Excretion

What is the Generic/Brand names of Potassium-sparing Diuretics?

Spironolactone (Aldactone)

What are the side effects of Potassium-sparing Diuretics?

• Hypotension

• Dizziness

• FVD

• Electrolyte Imbalance

What are the adverse reactions of Potassium-sparing Diuretics?

Hyperkalemia

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Potassium-sparing Diuretics?

• Obtain BP before/after administering (hold typically if SBP <90)

• Assess and Monitor Electrolytes (BMP)

• Assess Fluid balance

What category is Antilipemic?

Cholesterol Lowering Agents

What is the ACTION of Antilipemic?

Lower Cholesterol Levels

What are the Generic/Brand names of Antilipemic?

• Atorvastatin

• Simvastatin

• Lovastatin

What are the side effects of Antilipemic?

Muscle Aches

What are the adverse reactions of Antilipemic?

• Peripheral neuropathy

• Hepatotoxicity

• Rhabdomyolysis

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Antilipemic?

• Continue lifestyle modification

• Monitor Cholesterol Levels

• Assess, educate and report muscle aches (Rhabdomyolysis)

• Monitor Liver function

• Take in the evening

• NO Grapefruit

What category is Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors?

Cholesterol Lowering Agents

What is the ACTION of Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors?

Block Cholesterol absorption

What are the Generic/Brand names of Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors?

Ezetimibe

What are the side effects of Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors?

GI Upset

What are the adverse reactions of Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors?

Hepatotoxicity

Nursing Considerations + Vital Assessments of Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors?

• Take 2 hrs. before/4 hrs. after Antilipemic

• Monitor Liver function

• Monitor Cholesterol Levels

What category is Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists (Inhaled/ Oral)?

Respiratory Meds

What is the ACTION of Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists (Inhaled/ Oral)?

• Stimulate Beta-2 Bronchodilation

• Relieve Bronchospasms

What are the Generic/Brand names for Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists (Inhaled/ Oral)?

Short-Acting (SABA): Albuterol

Long-Acting (LABA): Formoterol (Inhaled) Terbutaline (Oral)

What are the side effects of Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists (Inhaled/ Oral)?

• Restlessness

• Tachycardia

• Palpitations, Tremors