DOSAGE: Chapter 10 (Ointments)

Topical Dermatological Product

These are designed to deliver drug into the skin in treating dermal disorders, with the skin as the target organ.

Transdermal Product

These are designed to deliver drugs through the skin (percutaneous absorption) to the general circulation for systemic effects, with the skin not being the target organ

Ointments

These are semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes

True

True or False

Ointments can be medicated or non-medicated

False, They can be used

True or False

Ointments cannot be used as vehicles/their physical effects

1. Oleaginous bases
2. Absorption bases
3. Water-Removable bases
4. Water-Soluble bases

(4) ointment bases

Oleaginous Bases

AKA Hydrocarbon bases for ointments

Oleaginous Base

This ointment base has emollient effects that can protect against escape as moisture

Oleaginous Base

This ointment base is difficult to wash off

Oleaginous Base

This ointment base is effective as occlusive dressings

Oleaginous Bases

This ointment base can remain on skin for long periods

1. Petrolatum
2. Yellow petrolatum
3. White ointments
4. Yellow ointment

Examples of Oleaginous Bases

Absorption bases

This base is like Oleaginous Base because it is used as emollient as well

Absorption base

This ointment base is not easily removed from the skin with water washing, because the external phase of the emulsion is oleaginous

Absoprtion base

This ointment base is useful as pharmaceutical adjuncts to incorporate small volumes of aqueous solutions in to hydrocarbon bases

1. Lanolin
2.Hydrophilic petrolatum

Examples of Absorption bases

Oil in water

Creams

Water-removable bases are __________ emulsions commonly called __________

Water-Washable bases

Another name for water-removable bases

True

True or False

Water removable bases can be diluted with water/aqueous solutions

False, it can

True or False

Water removable bases cannot absorb serious discharges

Greaseless

Water soluble bases are often referred to as ___________

Water-Soluble Base

The base that is mostly used for incorporation of solid substances

Water-Soluble Bases

This ointment base is completely water washable

Water-Soluble Base

This ointment base do not contain oleaginous components

PEG or Polyethylene glycol ointment

Example for Water soluble base

Hydrophilic Ointment

Example for Water-removable bases

1. Incorporation
2. Fusion

(2) methods in preparation of ointments

Incorporation

The method of preparing ointments where the components are mixed until a uniform preparation is attained

Spatulation

When preparing an ointment by ______________, the pharmacist works the ointment with a stainless steel spatula having a long, broad blade and periodically removes the accumulation of ointment on the large spatula with a smaller one.

Geometric Dilution

The process of adding the components where the smaller amount of powder is triturated with an equal amount of the larger amount powder. It is then mixed with an equal amount of the larger amount poweder. Process is repeated until mixture is complete

Levigation

The purpose of this method is for fine particles/powder to turn into a smooth paste by grinding it with water

True

True or False?

Levigation is also used to prepare pastes

False, Levigation is used

True or False?

Incorporation method is used to create suspension

True

True or False?

Levigation can be used to purify drugs

False, it can be

True or False?

Levigation cannot be used in making pharmaceutical balms

Pulverization by intervention

The purpose of this is for incorporating a gummy material, such as camphor

Incorporation of Liquids

The process where Liquid substances or solutions of drugs are added to an ointment only after due consideration of an ointment base's capacity to accept the volume required.

Alcohol Solutions

___________ of small volume may be added easily to oleaginous vehicles or emulsion bases.

Fusion

By this method, all or some of the components of an ointment are combined by being melted together and cooled with constant stirring until congealed.

1. Microbial Content
2. Minimum Fill
3. Packaging, Storage, and labeling

(3) compendial requirements for ointments

1. Sterility
2. Metal Particles Content

(2) Requirements for Ophthalmic Ointments

Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Ointments should be free from the microorganisms, __________________ and ______________

Minimum Fill

The test for this requirement is determination of the net weight or volume of the contents of filled containers to ensure proper contents compared with the labeled amount.

1. Viscosity
2. In-vitro Drug release

(2) Additional Standards of Ointments

Creams

These areSemisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed in either (W/O) emulsion or an (O/W) emulsion or in another type of water - washable base.

O/W Emulsion

The type of emulsion for vanishing creams

Mucous Membranes

Where are creams used?

True

True or False

Creams are much preferred compared to ointments

1. Absorption
2. Consistency
3. Appearance
4. Proportion of Oil
5. Spreadability
6. Stability on skin
7. Uses
8. Healing Power

(8) Reasons why Creams are much preferred over ointments

Lighter

In terms of consistency, creams have ________ texture and consistency

Light

Smooth

In terms of Appearance, Creams are usually _____ weight with ______ texture

False, Creams (instead of ointments)

True or False?

Ointments are usually invisible on your skin and are quickly absorbed

True

True or False

Creams contains less oil than ointments

True

True or False

Creams are better than ointments for treating oozing/wet skin conditions like eczema

Gels

AKA jellies

Gels

These are semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jellylike by the addition of a gelling agent

Carbomers

These are high molecular weight water-soluble polymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with allyl ethers of sucrose and/ or pentaerythritol.

1. Single Phase Gels
2. Magma

(2) Types of Gels

Magma

The type of gel that has a two-phase system and gel mass consisting of floccules of small disctinc particles

Thixotropic

Property of a liquid to flow more readily under mechanical force

False, both gels and magmas may be thixotropic

True or False

Only magma may be thixotropic

1. by dispersing the molecule in the continuous phase

2. by cross-linking the dispersed molecules

3. by reducing the continuous phase

(3) Preparation of Gels

Transdermal Preparations

These are preparations with the Addition of penetration enhancers to the topical vehicle

PASTES

These are semisolid preparations intended for application to the skin

Pastes

These preparations are stiffer than the rest of topical DF

Pastes

These DF can be prepared in the same manner as oi ntments, by direct mixing or the use of heat to soften the base prior to incorporating the solids, which have been comminuted and sieved

Pastes

These are used to absorb serous secretions

Pastes

These DF is not suited for hairy parts of the body

Plasters

These are solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread on a backing of paper, fabric, moleskin, or plastic.

Plasters

These are applied to the skin to provide prolonged contact at the site.

Umedicated

________________ plasters provide protection or mechanical support at the site of application.

Jars
Tubes
Syringes

Topical dermatologic products are packaged in either ___________, _____________, or ____________

Tubes
Syringes

Ophthalmic, nasal, vaginal, and rectal semisolid products are almost always packaged in __________ or __________

1. Clear Glass
2. Plastic

Ointment jars are made of _________ or __________

Zinc Gelatin

The glycerogelatin used in the treatment of varicose ulcers

GLYCEROGELATINS

These are plastic masses containing gelatin (15%), glycerin (40%), water (35%), and an added medicinal substance (10%)

Glycerogelatins

These DF are melted before application, cooled to slightly above body temperature, and applied to the affected area with a fine brush

Glycerogelatins

These DF are applied to the skin for long term