Personality Theories and Self-Regulation Insights

What does personality involve according to the definition provided?

Personality involves characteristics of a person that describe and explain consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving.

What facet of personality would Anne likely score high on if she enjoys visiting art museums?

The aesthetics facet of open-mindedness.

What is the purpose of factor analysis in trait psychology?

To identify broad categories that underlie clusters of traits.

Match the following facet to their corresponding Big-5 dimension: Intellect.

O (Openness)

Match the following facet to their corresponding Big-5 dimension: Achievement Striving.

C (Conscientiousness)

Match the following facet to their corresponding Big-5 dimension: Positive Emotions.

E (Extraversion)

Match the following facet to their corresponding Big-5 dimension: Sympathy.

A (Agreeableness)

Match the following facet to their corresponding Big-5 dimension: Impulsiveness.

N (Neuroticism)

Match the following facet to their corresponding Big-5 dimension: Self Consciousness.

N (Neuroticism)

Match the following facet to their corresponding Big-5 dimension: Fantasy.

O (Openness)

Match the following facet to their corresponding Big-5 dimension: Self Discipline.

C (Conscientiousness)

What does the 'Big' in Big-5 Theory of Personality refer to?

The breadth of the personality traits the theory examines.

What does the hard plaster hypothesis state about personality change after age 30?

Personality does not change significantly after age 30.

According to findings by Srivastava et al., how do traits change over time in women?

Women increase in Conscientiousness (C) but decrease in Openness (O).

What could be a reason for cohort effects in Srivastava's findings?

The study collected data from people of different ages at a single time point.

According to Socioemotional Selectivity Theory, how do emotional experiences differ between young and old individuals?

Older individuals experience a greater ratio of positive to negative emotions than younger individuals.

What is a true statement about Socioemotional Selectivity Theory?

Older people process and remember positive experiences more deeply.

What is NOT true about Socioemotional Selectivity Theory?

The shrinking of social networks is the causal mechanism driving the decrease in negative emotion experience in older people.

What does the subjective concept of time influence according to Socioemotional Selectivity Theory?

It causes shifts in motivation, emotion, and cognition.

What can be deduced about the malleability of the Big Five personality traits across the lifespan?

The findings support the idea that personality traits can change and adapt over time.

What supports the contextual perspective regarding personality traits?

Personality traits remain relatively stable once maturational processes are completed.

What evidence is lacking to make definitive conclusions about personality traits?

There is no evidence from longitudinal studies.

What does the biological perspective suggest about personality traits?

Personality traits continue to change across the lifespan.

What is the correct statement regarding personality traits and the biological perspective?

Personality traits continue to change across the lifespan, ruling out the biological perspective.

How does openness change over time according to the notes?

Openness decreases over time in men and women at the same rate (False).

What happens to agreeableness after age 30?

Both men and women increase in agreeableness more after age 30 than before (True).

What are the changes in social vitality and social dominance aspects of extraversion with age?

Social vitality decreases up until one's 60s, while social dominance increases with age (True).

Why do older people travel to unknown places according to the notes?

Older people are more interested in traveling to unknown places because they want to discover the world before they die (False).

What is the relationship between age and exploration goals?

Systematic associations between age and exploration goals appear because chronological age is correlated with time left in life (True).

Which trait combination puts youth at greatest risk for delinquent conduct?

Low Agreeableness (A) and Low Conscientiousness (C).

What is the mediator variable in the conclusion about open-mindedness and longevity?

Likelihood of eating poisonous mushrooms.

What do neurotic individuals experience in terms of status over time?

Neurotic individuals experience gains in status over time because they contribute to the group task more than initially expected.

Which statement about the MBTI is NOT true?

Scores are stable and reliable across time.

What health behavior does NOT mediate the relationship between low conscientiousness and poor longevity?

Excessive worrying.

What was a novel finding from Wilson et al. (2005) regarding mortality?

Mortality was inversely correlated with cognitive activity, physical activity, and social activity.

How did the relationship between extraversion and mortality change according to Wilson and colleagues (2005)?

The relationship became stronger after controlling for physical activity (False).

What is one limitation of Wilson et al. (2005)?

It used brief measures of personality.

What are cognitive-affective units (CAUs) according to the Cognitive-Affective Personality Theory?

They include emotions, goals & values, and situation encodings, but not behaviors.

How can the personality differences between Amy and Sara be best explained?

By their differing responses to threats to academic competence.

What do both mean level and if-then differences in depression refer to?

They refer to both the overall level of depression and the conditional patterns of behavior associated with it.

In personality research during the 1960s and 1970s, which intuition was contradicted?

The intuition that people will behave in a similar way in a variety of situations.

Which scenario best describes a psychological situation?

When having fun with friends.

Which of the following is NOT an example of an if...then... pattern?

Jane is generally more sociable at age 15 than she was at age 8.

What comparison is used to estimate the contribution of genetic influences to intelligence?

Monozygotic twins raised together and dizygotic twins raised together.

What does a heritability coefficient of .7 indicate?

It does not indicate that a characteristic will be phenotypically expressed in 70% of the population.

What is TRUE about heritability?

The effect of genes on personality is mediated by biological processes.

What is a criticism of the assumptions underlying twin studies regarding family environments?

Family environments might be less similar for fraternal twins reared together than for identical twins reared together.

In the case of identical twins reared together, what affects differences in their personalities?

Their non-shared environment.

What attachment type is characterized by a child not showing much emotion upon their caregiver's return?

Avoidant attachment.

In the Strange Situation, which episode do researchers observe to make inferences about babies' behavior?

The Freeplay episode to assess secure base behavior.

What happens when babies are reunited with their mothers after a brief separation?

Those who successfully use their mothers as a safe haven will explore and play.

What behavior do infants exhibit when they can't separate from their mothers?

They cannot separate from their mothers to play with toys.

How do infants with secure attachment respond to their mothers?

They are easily soothed by contact with their mothers.

How is infant attachment measured compared to adult attachment?

Infant attachment is measured in categorical terms, while adult attachment is measured as dimensions.

What is the correct attachment style for someone who scores low on attachment anxiety and low on attachment avoidance?

They are considered securely attached.

What attachment style is Natasha likely to have if she disagrees with depending on romantic partners and agrees with not feeling comfortable opening up?

She is likely to be avoidant in her romantic relationships.

What function do romantic relationships serve for adults lower in attachment avoidance?

They serve a secure base function.

What do adults with secure attachment report compared to those with insecure attachment?

They report having more loving and fun fathers growing up.

What is a key aspect of the social cognitive model of transference?

Transference occurs when a significant other schema is activated and applied to a new person.

Which statement about significant other schemas is FALSE?

Significant other schemas can only be activated by visual cues that remind us of our significant other.

What is an example of situation selection in attachment theory?

Anxiously attached women find men who are prone to psychological abuse more attractive as dating partners.

What should be true about Anita's feelings towards Raj, who reminds her of her brother?

Anita will have a strong feeling that Raj is a very funny person.

What percentage of insecurely attached college students become secure over 4 years without relationship breakups?

66% of insecurely attached college students become secure.

Do securely attached individuals remain secure regardless of negative life events?

Yes, securely attached individuals remain secure regardless of negative life events.

What attachment style is characterized by high attachment anxiety and low attachment avoidance?

This style is characterized as anxious.

What does the term 'secure base' refer to in adult relationships?

It refers to the function of romantic relationships that allows for exploration and security.

What are the two dimensions used to measure adult attachment?

Attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance.

How do securely attached individuals typically experience jealousy in romantic relationships?

They experience less jealousy towards romantic partners.

What is the outcome for adults with high attachment avoidance in terms of exploration behavior?

They score lower in various indices of exploration behavior.

What does it mean to have a significant other schema activated?

It means applying past relationship experiences to new individuals.

What is the relationship between attachment styles and emotional extremes in romantic relationships?

Insecurely attached individuals experience more emotional extremes.

What is the primary focus of the social cognitive model of transference?

It focuses on how past relationships influence perceptions of new individuals.

What is the significance of having a secure attachment in childhood?

It leads to healthier relationships and emotional well-being in adulthood.

What can influence the stability of attachment styles over time?

Relationship breakups and negative life events can influence attachment stability.

What percentage of securely attached infants become insecurely attached as adults after experiencing negative life events?

More than half.

How many infants show the same attachment style as adults when reassessed 20 years later?

Over 90%.

In the context of transference, what is likely to happen when Jasmine meets Jocelyn, who uses a perfume Jasmine associates with her friend Aisha?

Jasmine will take Jocelyn under her wing.

What is an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy?

People who expect rejection react to perceived rejection with hostility, leading their partners to end the relationship.

In the social-cognitive model of transference, how do confidence ratings for traits differ between describing a spouse and a neighbor?

Confidence ratings for the traits that describe a spouse are higher than those for a neighbor.

Which mechanism is NOT among those that explain stability in attachment styles?

Rejection sensitivity.

What are the two components of self-concept?

Self-schema is the cognitive component, while self-esteem is the evaluative component.

According to research on narcissism, what is the relationship between explicit and implicit self-esteem in narcissists?

Narcissists have high explicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem.

How does Alicia's self-esteem change when she receives a lower grade than expected?

Her trait self-esteem is high, but her state self-esteem is low.

What is a false statement about Ken's self-esteem?

Ken's self-esteem is contingent on how well he can sing.

How many self-schemas does Sue have compared to Jane?

Sue has four self-schemas, while Jane has two.

What characterizes Jane's self-schemas compared to Sue's?

Jane's self-schemas have a balanced mix of positive and negative traits.

What is the difference between trait self-esteem and state self-esteem?

Trait self-esteem is a stable sense of self-worth, while state self-esteem can fluctuate based on circumstances.

What is the implication of situation selection in attachment styles?

It refers to how individuals choose environments that reinforce their attachment styles.

What does transference refer to in psychology?

The process of projecting feelings and attitudes from one relationship onto another.

What is rejection sensitivity?

A tendency to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and overreact to social rejection.

What is the significance of self-fulfilling prophecies in relationships?

Expectations can influence behaviors that confirm those expectations.

How does self-schema influence behavior?

It shapes how individuals perceive themselves and interact with the world.

What does it mean for self-esteem to be contingent?

It means that self-esteem is dependent on specific outcomes or situations.

What is the role of implicit self-esteem in personality?

It reflects an individual's unconscious feelings about themselves.

What is the relationship between self-esteem and performance?

Higher self-esteem can lead to better performance, while lower self-esteem can hinder it.

How can self-schemas affect mental health?

They can influence self-perception and emotional well-being.

What is the impact of negative life events on attachment styles?

They can lead to insecure attachment in individuals who were previously securely attached.

According to which theory should Jane be more resilient due to her self-schemas?

Self-complexity theory.

Who is the highest on self-complexity?

Dave.

Who is the lowest on self-complexity?

Jane.