AP African American Studies Unit 2 [2.1-2.13]

Covers unit 2 from 2.1 to 2.13. All content based on the course and exam description. This is mainly for myself, however, if there are any issues or something not covered feel free to copy and edit it yourself. !!! I strongly encourage anyone using this set to connect ideas throughout the unit. Such as the many complexities within the African and African American population. !!!

What are Ladinos / African Creoles?

Africans that worked as intermediaries before the predominance of chattel slavery.

What are the origins of ladinos?

In the early 16th century, some free and enslaved Africans familiar with Iberian culture journeyed with Europeans of the Americas; among them were the first Africans in the territory that became known as the United States.

What was significant about ladinos?

Their familiarity with the multiple languages, cultural norms, and commercial practices granted them a measure of social mobility.

How did ladinos benefit europeans?

Essential to the efforts of European powers laying claim to indigenous lands.

How did Spain benefit from ladinos?

Black participation in the slave trade resulted in _____’s early role in the slave trade and the presence of enslaved and free Africans in the parties of Spanish explorers who laid claim to “La Florida”.

What states were in La Florida?

Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina

Who was Juan Garrido?

A conquistador born in the Kingdom of Kongo and moved to Lisbon, Portugal. Free man. Became the first known African to arrive in North America when he explored present-day Florida during a Spanish Expedition in 1513.

How did Juan Garrido maintain his freedom?

Serving in the Spanish military forces, participating in efforts to conquer indigenous populations.

Who was Estevanico (aka esteban)

Enslaved african healer from Morocco. Forced to work in 1528 as an explorer and translator in Texas and in territory that became the southwestern United States.

How did Estevanico die?

Killed by indigenous groups that were resisting Spanish colonialism.

How did Africans in America in the 15th and 16th centuries play a role as laborers?

worked largely in mining and agriculture to produce profit or Europeans.

How did Africans in America in the 15th and 16th centuries play a role as conquistadores?

Participating in the work of conquest, often in hopes of gaining their freedom.

Africans in America in the 15th and 16th centuries played a role as skilled…

workers and artisans.

Due to slave trade..

more people arrived in the Americas from Africa than from any other region.

How long did the transatlantic slave trade last?

350 years.

How many Africans were forcibly transported from Africa to the Americas?

12.5 million.

Out of those who survived the journey in the transatlantic slave trade, what percent survived on the way to the United States?

5% (approx. 288,000).

Where did the large majority of Africans brought to the United states land?

Charleston, South Carolina

What percent of all Africans brought to the United States landed in South Carolina?

48%

What were the top 5 enslaving nations?

Portugal, Great Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands

What are the primary slave trading zones in Africa from which Africans were forcibly taken?

Senegambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Angola, and Mozambique.

Captives from where compromised nearly half of those taken to mainland North America?

Senegambia and Angola

How did the distribution of distinct African Ethnic groups during the era of slavery shape the development of African-American communities in the U.S.?

The interactions of various African ethnic groups produced multiple combinations of African-based cultural practices, languages, and belief systems.

Where did the ancestors of early-generation African-Americans in mainland North America derive from?

Wolof (Senegambia), Akan (Ghana), Igbo, and Yoruba (Nigeria).

Half of the slaves that arrived in the U.S. came from what societies?

Muslim or Christian

How did the distribution patterns of numerous African ethnic groups throughout the American south affect black communities?

Created distinctive combinations of African-based cultural practices, languages, and beliefs.

Describe the conditions of the first part of the journey enslaved Africans endured during the slave trade.

Could last several months. Africans were captured and marched from interior states to the Atlantic coast. On the coast, they waited in crowded, unsanitary conditions.

Describe the conditions of the second part of the journey enslaved Africans endured during the slave trade.

The middle passage. Traveling across the Atlantic ocean lasted for months. Established permanent separation from their communities. Poor ship conditions.

Aboard slave ships Africans were..

humiliated, tortured, raped, force-fed, beaten, and suffered from widespread disease and malnourishment.

What percent of captive Africans perished in the middle passage?

15%

Describe the conditions of the third part of the journey enslaved Africans endured during the slave trade.

Those who arrived at ports in the Americas were quarantined, resold, and transported domestically to distinct locations of servitude, a process that could take as much time as the first and middle passages combined.

How did the transatlantic slave trade destabilize West African societies?

Increased monetary incentives to use violence to enslave neighboring societies and wars between kingdoms were exacerbated by the prevalence of firearms received from trade with Europeans.

What was the effect on Coastal states from the slavery.

became wealthy from trade in goods and people, while inferior states became unstable under the constant threat of capture and enslavement.

How did African leaders maintain local dominance and grow their wealth?

Sold soldiers and war captives from opposing ethnic groups. This led to a concentration of former African soldiers which aided the enslaved communities’ ability to revolt.

What happened to African communities as a result of the slave trade?

Suffered from long-term instability and loss of kin who would have assumed leadership roles in their communities, raised families, and passed on their traditions.

Formerly enslaved Africans detailed their experiences in genres such as…

slave narratives and poetry.

How are slave narratives significant?

Serve as historical accounts, literary works, and political texts and are examined through interdisciplinary lenses.

What is the purpose of slave narratives?

Aimed to end slavery and the slave trade. Demonstrate black humanity and advocate for the inclusion of people of African descent in American Society.