WHAP Chapter 30 Overview (Part 1)

What did De Gouge campaign fervently for?

To raise the standing of women in French society

What famous document did she publish in 1791?

A declaration of the rights of woman and the female citizen this document claimed the same rights for women that revolutionary leaders had granted to men in august 1789

Global result 1: what did the late 18th century and early 19th century revolutions spread?

A cluster of enlightenment ideas concerning freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty

Where did political authority arise from according to revolutionary leaders?

The people

Global result 2: what did revolutions encourage?

The consolidation of national states as the principal form of political organization

What type of states did nationalist sentiments cause problems for?

Multicultural states like the Austrian empire

What 2 states were unified by nationalist sentiments in the 19th century (1800s)?

Italy and Germany

According to popular sovereignty, where does legitimate political authority reside?

Not in kings, but rather in the people who make up a society

What was the most common form of government by far?

Hierarchical rule flowing from a king or emperor

Who would kings identify with in order to justify (legitimize) their rule?

Deities that, or they claimed divine sanction for their authority

Define sovereignty.

Political supremacy and the authority to rule

What did Chinese dynasties claim to justify their sovereignty?

They claimed to rule in accordance with the "mandate of heaven"

Who regarded governments as a contract between the rulers and the ruled?

The philosophes of the 17th and 18th centuries

What personal rights did individuals retain according to Locke?

Life, liberty, and property

What man believed that any ruler who violated individuals' personal rights could be disposed of (removed)?

English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704)

From whom did rulers derive their authority according to Locke?

The consent of those whom they governed

What did the French philosophe Voltaire resent in particular?

The persecution of religious minorities and the censorship of royal officials

What philosophe identified with the working people and resented the privileges of the elite?

The French Swiss thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

In what book did Rousseau argue that all members of society were collectively sovereign?

In his influential book The Social Contract (1762)

In an ideal society, who would directly formulate policy and create laws?

All individuals

What type of society did philosophes not envision? *This is very important!!

A society in which they would share political rights with women, children, peasants, laborers, slaves, or people of color

What brought prosperity to the 13 British American colonies?

Trade

What did victory in the 7 years' war ensure?

Britain dominates global trade, and its possessions prosper

What weren't north American colonists very satisfied with after the mid-1760s?

British imperial rule

What did navigation laws require? *They were neglected for a number of years.

Cargoes to travel in British ships and clear British customs

How did the colonists respond to British policies?

They argued that they should govern their own affairs rather than following instructions from London

From what did the declaration of independence draw inspiration?

Enlightenment political thought in justifying the colonies' quest for independence

What did john Locke's contractual theory of government argue for?

For individuals to establish governments to their personal rights and for governments to derive their power and authority from "the consent of the governed."

What 4 groups were not granted full rights?

Landless men, women, slaves, and indigenous peoples

Which revolution was a more radical affair?

The French revolution

What was the name of the "old order" that French revolutionaries repudiated (rejected)?

The ancien régime

What put France on the road to revolution? *This is very typical!!

Serious fiscal problems

Who did not want to pay their fair share in taxes to pay off the government debt?

Aristocrats

What was the name of the legislative assembly that louis was forced to summon?

The estates general, an assembly that represented the entire French population through groups known as estates

What social class made up the first estate? how many?

Roman catholic clergy; 100,000

What social class made up the second estate? how many?

Nobles; 400,000

Who made up the third estate? why didn't the numerical advantage of the third estate offer no advantage in the estates general?

The rest of the population—about 24 million

serfs, free peasants, and urban residents ranging from laborers, artisans, and shopkeepers, to physicians, bankers, and attorneys

- because voting took place by estate—one vote for each—not by individuals.

What did the 3rd estate demand at the estates general?

Sweeping political and social reform

Where did the 3rd estate declare themselves the national assembly?

At an indoor tennis court

What royal arsenal and jail did the French storm in search of weapons on July 14th, 1789?

The Bastille

What (AP-required) document was outlined in the national assembly's program? *Promulgated in august 1789.

The Declaration of The Rights of Man and The Citizen

What did the document in question #50 (the declaration of the rights of man and the citizen) proclaim, declare, and assert?

It proclaimed the equality of all men, declared that sovereignty resided in the people, and asserted individual rights to liberty, property, and security

What did the assembly abolish?

The old social order along with the many fees and labor services that peasants owed to their landlords

How did the assembly alter the role of the church (catholic)? *4 changes! role of religion is important in the CED.

They seized church lands, abolished the first estate, defined clergy as civilians, and required clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the state

What type of authority did the constitution deprive the king of?

Legislative authority

What so-called "humane" device was invented to root out enemies at home?

*Louis's credibility was undermined by:

1. his reluctance to approve the constitution.

2. his support of the church.

3. his attempt to escape from Paris.

4. Marie Antoinette's Austrian heritage.

5. her extravagance.

The guillotine

What did the radicals, Robespierre, and the Jacobins do to eliminate Christianity's influence? hint: churches and priests.

They closed churches and forced priests to take wives

What did the radicals (Robespierre/Jacobins) promote as an alternative to Christianity?

A new "cult of reason"

How did the Jacobins reorganize the calendar? *How did they make it less Christian?

They kept months of 30 days but replaced 7-day weeks with 10-day units that recognized no day of religious observance

What type of clothing were citizens encouraged to wear (to show off their revolutionary zeal)?

Working-class clothes