last exam for bioethics (goodluck💗)

Conception

when the sperm fuses with a mature ovum to form the early embryo

Pro life advocates

firmly assert that life begins at conception

Hydatidiform mole

a rare mass or growth that forms inside the womb at the beginning of pregnancy

Luke 1: 39-56

"And when Elizabeth heard the greeting of Mary, the baby leaped in her womb. And Elizabeth was filled with the Holy Spirit"

Roman catholic theology

The movement is when the soul is created in the womb

Aristotle

"The embryo becomes animate and endowed with sensation when formed; in males this is about the 40th day, in females about the 90th.

Thomas Aquinas

"The rational soul is infused when the body is fully formed - around 40 days for males and 90 days for females."

Dame Mary Warnock

discussed the ethical and social implications of infertility treatment and embryo research after the birth of the first test tube baby.

Primitive streak

the starting point of individual biological development in the embryo and the last moment when twinning can occur

Potentiality argument

given the right conditions, the embryo, even in its earliest stages, contains the genetic material to-develop into a human being.

Roman Catholics

forbid the use of contraception based on the potentiality argument.

Primitive streak

indicates the development of neurological tissues.

Personhood

encompasses the qualities that make us human, such as beliefs, desires, and aspects of personality,

Peter singer

“if a sentient being, be it human or non-human, can feel pain or distress, its interests should be considered equally to any human being.”

Michael tooley

defined personhood as an organism possessing the concept of self as a continuing subject of experiences, recognizing itself as a continuing entity.

Louise brown

the first test tube baby.

Assisted conception

all fertility treatments in which either eggs or embryos are handled outside the body

Surrogacy

is an arrangement where a person carries and gives birth to a baby for another person.

Surrogacy act of 1985

a law that regulates surrogacy in the UK

Prenatal screening

can identify whether your baby is more or less likely to have certain birth defects many of which are genetic disorders.

Prenatal screening 2

These tests include blood tests, a specific type of ultrasound and prenatal cell-free DNA screening.

Amniocentesis

It involves removing and testing a small sample of cells from amniotic fluid

Non-invasive prenatal blood test

a test that uses a pregnant person's blood to detect congenital abnormalities in the fetus's DNA.

Selgelid

Argues that prenatal screening, may resemble eugenios but it is different.

Eugenics

a set of beliefsland practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population.

In-vitro fertilization with preimplantation genetic testing

a procedure that ensures only healthy embryos, free of inherited disease are implanted into the uterus.

Savior sibling

a child who can donate cord blood or tissue to an older sibling with a serious disease.

Human Fertilization and Embryology Act 2008

allows savior sibling selection if the recipient has a serious medical condition treatable by cord blood, bone marrow or other tissues.

Julian Savulesco

argues that if selecting traits for a better life is morally acceptable, then it should be permissible for enhancement purposes.

Abortion Act of 1987

a law that regulates abortion in the UK which allows termination under specific grounds.

Northern Ireland

permits abortion only when a woman's life is at risk or her physical or mental health is seriously affected.

The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines, Act. No. 3815 of December

8, 1930, Articles 256 - 259

"Art. 256. Intentional abortion. - Any person who shall intentionally cause an abortion shall suffer:

1. The penalty of reclusion temporal, if he shall use any violence upon the person of the pregnant woman.

2. The penalty of prision mayor if, without using violence, he shall act without the consent of the woman.

3. The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if the woman shall have consented."

Art. 256. Intentional abortion. - Any person who shall intentionally cause an abortion shall suffer:

1. The penalty of reclusion temporal, if he shall use any violence upon the person of the pregnant woman.

2. The penalty of prision mayor if, without using violence, he shall act without the consent of the woman.

3. The penalty of prision correccional in its medium and maximum periods, if the woman shall have consented."

Judith Jarvis Thompson

in her paper called "In Defense of Abortion" - she argued that a woman's right to control her body outweighs the fetus's right to life.

Human Fertilization and Embryology Authorities

approved a notable technique called Gene Editing in 2016

In vitro fertilization

an egg is removed from the woman's ovaries and fertilized with sperm in a lab then returned to the woman's womb to grow and develop.

Art. 259. Abortion practiced by a physician or midwife and dispensing of abortives.

The penalties provided in Article 256 shall be imposed in its maximum period, respectively, upon any physician or midwife who, taking advantage of their scientific knowledge or skill, shall cause an abortion or assist in causing the same. Any pharmacist who, without the proper prescription from a physician, shall dispense any abortive shall sufier arresto mayor and a fine not exceeding 1,000 pesos."

Gene Editing

is performed using enzymes, particularly nucleases that have been engineered to target a specific DNA sequence, where they introduce cuts into the DNA strands, enabling the removal of existing DNA and the insertion of replacement DNA!

Plato

in his dialogue, recounts the good death of Socrates who having been convicted, chooses to die by taking hemlock rather than escape prison.,

Good death depends on individual preferences and culturally defined.

Good ______ depends on ___________ and _________.

Palliative care

an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems.

Autonomy

It is the freedom to make choices.

The right to decide what happens to you and your decision should be respected.

The mental capacity Act of 2005

capacity is assumed, and incapacity need to be proven through the use of tests for competence.

Advanced statement

a written document expressing care preferences, beliefs and values.

Advance decision

A legally binding document specifying treatments a person does not want

Living Will

used to declare your wishes to refuse, limit, or withhold life-sustaining treatments.

1. must be signed

2. witnessed

3. certified.

4. you must be at minimum 18 years or
   older

5. have a sound mind when you sign it.

Requirements for living will:

Do not Resuscitate (DNR) order

means that your healthcare providers will not perform Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should your heart stop or your breathing ceases.

Medical treatment

means the management and care of a patient to combat disease or disorder.

Assisted Dying

involves a terminally ill person, with the capacity to make decisions, getting help from someone else to die.

Article 253 of the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines

"states that any person who shall assist another to commit suicide shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor, if such person leads his assistance to another to the existent of doing the killing himself, he shall suffer the penalty of reclusion temporal. However, if the suicide is not consummated, the penalty of arresto mayor in its medium and maximum periods shall be imposed."

Prima Facie Principle

it must be followed unless there's any equal or stronger claim against it.

Assisted Dying Bill

Lord Falconer attempted to pass this bill that proposed allowing terminally ill individuals to seek help form a doctor to end their lives.

Senate Bill of 1887

Recognizing the Fundamental Right of Adult Persons to decide their own Health Care including the decision to have life-sustaining treatment withheld or withdrawn in instances of a terminal condition or permanent unconscious condition.

Dignitas

a non-profit organization that helps people at the end of life.

Euthanasia

the practice of intentionally ending a life to relieve suffering, typically from an incurable and painful disease

Active Euthanasia

occurs when the medica professional or another person, deliberately do something that causes the patient to die.

Passive Euthanasia

is the withdrawal or withholding of life-sustaining medical interventions.

Doctrine of double effect

a doctor may legitamely use strong analgesics or sedatives even if this might hasten death, provided their intention is to relieve suffering and the prescription is in keeping with the intention.

James Rachels

raises moral objections to permitting one practice while forbidding the other.

Involuntary Euthanasia

euthanasia performed without a person's consent.