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Pre WWII
Healthcare was largely private and charity-based
Hospitals and general practices were run independently
Healthcare was not universally accessible
Post WWII
The modern NHS was established in 1948 under the Ministry of Health, providing free care for all citizens
Centralized funding from the government with strong emphasis on public health
Primary Care
Delivered at the local level through General Practitioners (GPs) and community services
GP- general practitioners
responsible for commissioning care for their patients
the gatekeeper who lets you go to the secondary level of care
Funded by the NHS- free care (standard basic level of care) wait times long
GP provided by
location
well placed with accessibility
secondary care
Provided by NHS Acute Trusts and Foundation Trusts, which manage hospitals and specialized care
Cardiologist, neurologist, dermatologists, surgeons- non urgent procedures
Mental health- counselors, psychologists, psychiatrists
Diagnostic imaging
Planned surgeries
pros of secondary care
funded through NHS, accessibility
cons of secondary care
becoming more specialized, limited numbers, long wait times for non urgent surgery
Tertiary care
Advanced and complex treatments for severe and rare conditions
Research centers, cancer treatment centers,
Highly trained surgeons who do high level surgeries
Life sustaining/saving treatments
Organ transplants, emergency treatment
Limited- only a few hospitals in the UK have tertiary care
Costly for the NHS
workforce
Highly trained medical staff, with professional education supported by the government
Advanced technology and medical equipment are available in hospitals but
under budgetary constraints
Funded primarily through
taxation with additional national insurance contributions
The NHS operates under a
general medical services (GMS) contract ensuring consistent service delivery
access to healthcare
universal, but. can take time waiting
Focus on
digital health integration and cost saving technologies
program aimed at integrating patient records across providers
Connecting for health
Health and care act of 2016
intended to address system inefficiencies, promote integration and manage rising costs
Healthcare model
Single prayer system
NHS funded through taxation providing universal healthcare free at the point of use
Funded mechanism
Primarily funded by general taxation and national insurance contributions healthcare is free for most services
Access to care
Universal access to care for all citizens and residents free at the point of use
Healthcare costs
Healthcare costs represent around 10% of GDP. The NHS controls costs centrally but faces budget constraints
Private sectors costs
Limited private sector participation. Private healthcare exists but supplements NHS services
Primary care
Delivered through NHS GPs with universal access and strong gatekeeping for referrals to specialists
Specialist and secondary care
Access to specialist is through GP referrals, non-urgent specialist care may involve long wait times
Quality of care
High quality care with strong population health metrics like life expectancy and low infant mortality. Wait times for non urgent care are a challenge
Innovation and technology
Adopts new technology more slowly, but NHS is focused on integrating digital health innovations
