BACTE CELL WALL

Prokaryotes

PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES:

Nucleoid in the cytosol

Eukaryotes

PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES:

Nuclear body enclosed in a membrane

Prokaryotes

PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES:

Single, circular DNA

Eukaryotes

PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES:

Multiple, linear DNA

Prokaryotes

PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES:

Plasmids, Transposons, Episomes

Eukaryotes

PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES:

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts

Prokaryotes

PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES:

binary fission

Eukaryotes

PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES:

Mitosis

Prokaryotes

PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES:
Cell wall is present except in mycoplasma and ureaplasma

Eukaryotes

PROKARYOTES OR EUKARYOTES:

Cell wall is absent except in Fungi and plants

70% water

how many percent of water does a bacterial call have?

30% carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and enzymes

how many percent of carbohydrates proteins, lipids, and enzymes does a bacterial cell have?

F; do note contain membrane bound nucleus

The bacterial cell contains a membrane bound nucleus

Cell wall and Cell membrane

the cell envelope structures consists of \______

Gram positive

contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan

Gram negative

contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan

Acid fast

contains waxy substances like mycolic acids

Periplasm

a gel-like substance that captures nutrients in gram-negative

Cell wall

provides rigidity and strength to the exterior of the cell

Cell wall

responsible for pathogenicity of bacterial cell

M protein

prevents phagocytosis

Mycolic acid

prevents digestion

Cell wall

Serves as a point of anchorage of flagella

Cell wall

responsible for the antigenic characteristics of certain bacteria

Cell wall

serves as the target of antimicrobial agents

Gram Postive

GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE:

Thick protective murein layer

Gram Negative

GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE:

Thinner murein layer (inner peptidoglycan layer)

Gram Positive

GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE:

Presence of teihoic and lipoteihoic acid

Gram Negative

GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE:

Presence of murein lipoprotein

Gram Positive

GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE:

No periplasm

Gram Negative

GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE:

Periplasmic Space

Gram Positive

GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE:

Antigenic Polysaccharide
Presence of S-Layer

Gram Negative

GRAM POSITIVE OR GRAM NEGATIVE:

Outer Layer: proteins, phospholipids, and liposaccharide
O-antigen
Core polysaccharide
Lipid A

Lipo-oligossacharides

contains lipid A and oligosaccharide but no O antigens

Heamophilis influenzae
Neisseria gonotthoeae
Bordella perstussis

examples of gram negative organisms with LOS instead of LPS

Acid fast organisms

weakly gram-positive

norcardiae

generally considered partially acid-fast and can more easily be decolorized with the acid-fast stain

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

Organisms that lack cell wall

gram positive and gram negative cells that lose their cell walls

L-forms

cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

mycoplasma and ureaplasma

Prokaryotic organism that has sterols

mesosomes

folded areas of the cell membrane

mesosomes

sac-like extension of the cytoplasmic membrane

mesosomes

site of enzymatic activity

mesosomes

point of attachment for nucleoid

capsule

an organized material generally composed of polysaccharide polymers firmly attached to the cell wall

Bacillus anthracis

Capsule containing: polypeptide D-glutamic acid

Pasteurella multocida

Capsule containing: Hyaluronic Acid

Klebsiella pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Heamophilus influenzae

Capsule containing: polysaccharide

Slime layer

unorganized layer and not firmly attached to cell wall

Slime layer

inhibits phagocytosis or aid in the adherence to host tossue or synthetic implants

Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus mutans

Capsule containing polysaccharide

Biofilm

Consists of monomicrobic or polymicronic group of bacteria housed in a comples polysaccharide matrix

biofilm

common cause of chronic bacterial infection

biofilm

- often difficult to detect
- resistant to dessication
- dissemination
- tolerant to biocides

Flagella

long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria

Flagella

organ for locomotion/motility of bacteria

Gram (-) bacilli

Flagella is seen mostly in what bacteria

Filament, hook, basal body

3 parts of gram (-) bacilli with flagella

Vibrio

Where can sheathed flagella be found?

Listeria, some enterococcus, and Vagococcus

Gram (+) bacteria that may possess flagella

Flagellin

Protein composition of flagella

Atrichous

Flagellar arrangement: none

Monotrichous

Flagellar arrangement: Flagellum occurs singly in one end

Monotrichous

Flagellar arrangement: darting mobility

Lophotrichous

Flagellar arrangement: flagella in tops at one end

Amphitrichous

Flagellar arrangement: Flagella occur in both ends

Peritrichous

Flagellar arrangement: Flagella occur all around the bacterium

- Leifson Stain
- Gray Stain
- Fisher and Conn Stain

Flagellar stains:

25 C (room temperature)

Motility is best observes at what temperature?

- Hanging Drop Method
- Used of Semisolid Media

2 methods to observe motility

Axial Fibril/filament

similar to flagella except that it is wrapped around the cell

Spirochetes

cork-screw motility

Spirochetes

moves by means of axial filament or axial fibril

periplasmic flagella (endoflagellum)

a type of internal flagellum that is enclosed in the space between the cell wall and the cell membrane

Pili

Hairlike, nonmotile long hollow protein structures (2um in length)

Pili

non-flagellar, proteinaceous, hair-like appendages that adhere some bacterial cells to another cell

Common / Somatic pili / Fimbriae

PILI: short, acts as a virulence factor for attachment

Sex / Conjugation pili

PILI: Protein tubes that connect two bacterial cells and mediate DNA exchange; for genetic transfer

F; sex pili is longer than fimbriae

T/F: Fimbriae is longer than sex pili

(-) Escherichia coli
(-) Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(-) Neisseria meningitidis
(-)Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(+) Actinomyces
(+) some Streptococci
(+) Corynebacteria

Examples of fimbriae containing bacteria

Cytoplasm

amorphous gel containing enymes, granules, inclusions, genome

Nucleoid

chromatin or nuclear body composed of a single circular DNA

Ribosomes

appear as free or attached to the cell membrane

70s ribosomes

Size of bacterial ribosome

50s and 30s

2 subunits of bacterial ribosomes

Endospores

Produced during harsh conditions; eventually germinate into a vegetative cell under favorable conditions

Endospores

multilayered, small, dormant asexual spores

Endospores

Highly resistant in unfavorable conditions

Dipocolinic acid calcium complex

composition of endospores

Fulton-Schaeffer method

how are endospores visualized?

Transposons

"Jumping genes"

Transposons

DNA element that are able to "jump" or transpose from one chromosome or plasmid to another

Transposons

Function: carry antibiotic resistance genes

Plasmids

A small, extra-chromosomal DNA molecule wothin a bacterial cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA

T

T/F: plasmids replicate independently from the chromosome

Plamids

Circular DNA that is autonomously replicated inside host bacterial cell
(easily isolated from host)

Conjugation

mode of transfer of gene from a resistance containing gene in a resistant bacteria into a wild or typical bacteria

Inclusion bodies

Serve as a storage place for food reserves and other excess materials in a bacterial cell

Glycogen

major storage material for enterics