Balance Of Power

hegemony

leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others

capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership of capital and free enterprise; government does not interfere with commerical activities; sparked Commercial Revolution

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who founded capitalism and published his theory in a book titled Wealth of Nations

Wealth of Nations

a book written by Adam Smith about capitalism

Commercial Revolution

the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies with the beginning of capitalist states

Maria Theresa

leader of Austria who fought back when Prussia invaded Silesia

Seven Years War

(1756-1763) war between England and Prussia against France and Austria, in which England and Prussia emerged victorious; also the French and Indian War

James I

Scottish cousin of Queen Elizabeth who took power of England in 1603; started the Stuart monarch; Catholic and claimed divine right; taxed without representation

Charles I

(1625-1649) son of James I who was Catholic; taxed without approval of Parliament to fund wars (ex. Spain), forming a degree of absolutism; required all English and Scottish people to follow the book of Common Prayer; fought in English Civil War and beheaded in 1649

Book of Common Prayer

the text containing recitations, prayers and prescribed orders of worship required by Charles I of all Scottish and English subjects; caused Scotland to rebel

Oliver Cromwell

leader of the Puritans and prominent figure in Parliament who charged Charles I for treason due to unfair taxation; led the New Model Army to victory in English Civil War; became leader in 1649 and known as Lord Protector

English Civil War

(1642-1649) a war between Charles I and Parliament (Oliver Cromwell); royal army against the New Model Army; Cromwell was victorious and beheaded Charles I in 1649

New Model Army

the disciplined fighting force of the Puritans lead by Oliver Cromwell in the English Civil War; successful in defeating Charles I

Charles II

(1660-1685) Charles I's son who gained power in 1685 after death of Cromwell; restoration of Stuart monarch; Catholic but tolerated other religions

James II

(1685-1688) final Stuart ruler who was the brother of Charles II and had a Catholic heir; danger of Catholic monarch (Parliament didn't want a Mary repeat); sparked the Glorious Revolution

Glorious Revolution

(1688) Parliament deposed James II, offering power to his daughter Mary, who was married to the Dutch William of Orange, who were Protestant; ensured no Catholic monarch could rule England and passed the Bill of Rights, forming a constitutional monarch; no deaths

Mary

daughter of James II who was Protestant and took power with husband, William of Orange, in Glorious Revolution

William of Orange

Dutch prince who was married to Mary and became the king of England after the Glorious Revolution

Bill of Rights

(1689) maintained individual rights and limited the power of the monarchy; created a constitutional monarch

constitutional monarch

a system of government in which the monarch has shared power with another body (Parliament) to limit individual control and stop absolute monarchy