anatomy unit 1 quiz

8 Necessary Life Functions

1. Maintaining boundaries

2. Movement

3. Responsiveness

4. Digestion

5. Metabolism

6. Excretion

7. Reproduction

8. Growth

Metabolism

Broad term for all chemical reactions in the body, including catabolism and anabolism

5 Basic Survival Needs

1. Nutrients

2. Oxygen

3. Normal body temperature

4. Water

5. Normal atmospheric pressure

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

1. Receptor

2. Control Center

3. Effector

Negative Feedback Loops

A control system where the output shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity

Positive Feedback Loops

A control system that enhances or increases the response so the reaction occurs at a faster rate

Standard Anatomical Position

Body is straight, feet slightly apart, and thumbs pointed away from the body. Right and left refer to the patient's perspective.

Abdominal

Anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs.

Acromial

The point of the shoulder.

Antecubital

The anterior surface of the elbow.

Axillary

The armpit region.

Brachial

The arm.

Buccal

The cheek area.

Carpal

The wrist.

Cervical

The neck region.

Coxal

The hip.

Crural

The leg/shin.

Digital

The fingers and toes.

Femoral

The thigh.

Fibular

The lateral part of the leg.

Inguinal

Area where the thigh meets the body trunk; the groin.

Nasal

The nose area.

Oral

The mouth.

Orbital

The eye area.

Patellar

The anterior knee.

Pelvic

The area overlying the pelvis anteriorly.

Pubic

The genital region.

Sternal

The breastbone area.

Tarsal

The ankle region.

Thoracic

The chest.

Umbilical

The navel.

Cephalic

The head.

Deltoid

The curve of the shoulder formed by the deltoid muscle.

Gluteal

The buttock.

Lumbar

The lower back.

Occipital

The posterior surface of the head.

Popliteal

The posterior knee area.

Sacral

The area between the hips.

Scapular

The shoulder blade region.

Sural

The calf area.

Vertebral

The upper area of the spine.

Lateral

Away from the midline; towards the side.

Medial

Towards the midline of the body.

Anterior (Ventral)

In the front of the body.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Towards the back of the body.

Distal

Towards the end of the extremities; farther from the point of attachment.

Proximal

Towards the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal.

Superficial

Towards or at the body surface.

Sagittal Plane

A cut that divides the body into right and left sides.

Median Plane

A cut that divides the body exactly down the midline.

Frontal Plane

A cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior sides.

Transverse Plane

A cut that divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) halves.

Dorsal Body Cavity

Encloses the brain and spinal cord; protected by the meninges.

Ventral Body Cavity

Protects visceral organs; consists of the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.

Thoracic Cavity

Part of the ventral cavity containing the heart and lungs.

Abdominal Cavity

Part of the ventral cavity containing the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, and other digestive organs.

Pelvic Cavity

Part of the ventral cavity containing the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum.

Serosa (Serous Membrane)

A double-layered membrane lining the ventral body cavity; consists of parietal (outer) and visceral (inner) layers with serous fluid in between.

Superior

Towards the head or upper part of a structure.

Inferior

Towards the feet; away from the head end.