Anatomy and Physiology: Joints and Conditions

Pivot Joint

• also known as synovial joint

• allows rotational movement on a single plane

• “A pivot in ballet is a type of turn/rotation”

Pivot joints can be found in the __________ and the ___________.

• also distal end of wrist and below elbow

Vertebrae (between C1 and C2), and forearm (radius and ulna)

Ball and Socket

• type of joint with GREATEST RANGE OF MOTION

• synovial joint

• move across many directions/multiaxial

• round head of one epiphysis (ball) fits into the concave end of articulation (socket)

Ball and Socket joints can only be found in the ___________ and _______________.

hips, shoulders

Condyloid

• joints that allow for smooth controlled movement

• —> SPREAD or CURLING FINGERS AND FOOT

• synovial joint

• movement of two planes/biaxial

• —> SIDE TO SIDE or BENDING AND STRAIGHTENING (head/neck)

Condyloid Joints can be found in the ________, ________, ___________, and ______/______. 

hand, wrist, foot, head/neck

Plane Joints

• also known as GLIDING joints

• synovial

• allows bones to slide against eachother

• can allow diff movements, CAN BE MULTIAXIAL

Plane Joints can be found between ________, __________, the ________& ________, and ___________. 

carpals, tarsals, clavicle, scapula, vertebrae

Saddle Joint

• CIRCULAR movement

• allows for SIDE to SIDE and BENDING and STRAIGHTENING

Saddle Joints can be found in the base of  _________, ___________, and _____________.

thumb, metacarpals, and carpals 

Hinge Joint

• moves like a door hinge

• moves across ONE AXIS/UNIAXIAL

• convex end of a bone meets concave another 

Hinge joints can be found in the _______, __________, ___________, and ___________

elbow, knees, ankles, phalanges

Temporomandibular Joint

• allows for opening and closing of mouth

• SIDE to SIDE movement of JAW

Temporomandibular Joints can be found between the _________ and _____________.

mandible, temporal lobe

3 Categories of Joints 

Synovial Joints, Fibrous Joint, Cartilaginous Joint

Synovial Joints

joints that are filled with fluid and separates the bone from another

• knuckle, knee

Fibrous Joint

joint that limited movement and dense fibrous tissue

• sutures in the brain, gomphosis in teeth

Cartilaginous Joints

• mainly made of fibrocartilage/hyaline cartilage and have limitted movement

• fibrocartilage between vertebrae, pubic symphysis

Articulation

• AKA joints, exist where two bone meet 

Meniscus

• found in complex joints

• SHOCK ABSORBING fibrocartilage pads 

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

• BRITTLE BONE DISEASE

• present at birth/congential

• cannot produce specific COLLAGEN found in bone

Osteoporosis

• decrease in bone mass

• think POROUS (like a sponge has pores which contribute to its mass)

• happens to older women from decrease in ESTROGREN

• osteoblasts are affected 

Scoliosis

• abnormal sideways curvature of spine in thoracic/lumbar region 

• appears like an s or c 

• severe cases the volume of thoracic cavity is reduced —> breathing issues 

Osteoarthritis 

• AKA arthritis 

• wearing down or articular cartilage 

• can be result of aging 

Hypermobility 

• greater range of motion in joints

• sometimes from abnormal shape in bones, weakened cartilage, tendons, cause can  be unknown