ID TERMS

Cahokia

Capital and commercial city of Mississippian culture (700-1400). Fertile soil, leading to a maize based economy. Mounds were the center of the city and powerful chiefs had great power and influence. Social unrests and environmental issues, floods and earthquakes, led to the fall of the civilization. In East St.Louis Illinois.

Toltecs

This civilization dominated the valley of Mexico from 900-1100 CE. Maize based economy, similar to Cahokia. They had temples which were giant pyramids and the capital city was Tula, which was a commercial hub. This civilization emerged after the fall of the Maya and Teotihuacan civilization.

Chimu Empire

First empire in South America, lasted from 900-1470 CE. Was swallowed up by the Inca, Chan Chan was the largest city and its remains were divided into neighborhoods. Had complex irrigation systems, making it easy to cultivate crops.

universalizing religions

300-600 CE increased religious activity throughout Afro-Eurasian. A religion that appeals to diverse group of people, is adaptable as people more across spaces, universal ideas, trying to convert new believers (proselytizing) and the converts feel deep connection with community, support given by powerful empires

5 pillars of Islam

• Core beliefs: The Five Pillars of Islam: established doctrine of religion, created in early 7th century during the life of Prophet Muhammed

• Proclaim that “there is no God but God and Muhammad in His Prophet”

• Pray 5 times daily facing Mecca

• Fast sun-up to sundown during month of Ramadan 

• Travel on a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if personal resources permitted

• Pay alms in form of taxation that would alleviate the hardships of the poor

Sunnis

followed the idea of the line of succession going from each group to group: Muhammad, to the four rightly guided Caliphs, then to Umayyads, then Abbassi. the majority in Islam

Islam formed in Mecca, birthplace of Muhammed but difference in two forms took place after his death in 7th century CE, in present day Sunnis around the globe

Shiites

believed the succession should lie with Ali, who married Muhammad's daughter

Islam formed in Mecca, birthplace of Muhammed but difference in two forms took place after his death in 7th century CE, in present day Sunnis around the globe

civil service examinations

access skills of Confucius Text, morality, harmony, idea of family, open for elite and take advantage of it, pass it then possibly get government job

created in Imperial China during Sui Dynasty 6th century became more established during Tang Dynasty 10th century

Roman Catholicism

A branch of Christianity that developed in the western Roman Empire and that recognized the Pope as its supreme head

In western Europe after schism of 1054

Greek orthodoxy

Branch of eastern Christianity, originally centered in Constantinople, that emphasizes the role of Jesus in helping humans achieve union with God. theosis, transformation of humans into divine beings

In eastern Europe after schism of 1054

Vikings

Scandinavian Norse seafarers who raided, traded, explored, and settled across vast parts of Europe, the Mediterranean, North Africa, the Middle East, and even North America

in late 8th century

religious way of life that involves renouncing worldly pursuits to devote oneself to spiritual work through prayer, meditation, or ascetic practices, often in seclusion from society under fixed rules and vows. (think monks) part of western Christianity. In many cultures, monasteries were crucial in preserving learning and culture, especially during periods of social upheaval. They served as centers for copying and creating manuscripts. The movement spread from Egypt to other areas in 3rd and 4th centuries

Jizya

the tax that non-muslims had to pay if they were under the Abbasid rule. Persuaded more people who were not religious to convert in order to avoid paying the tax. Caliphs were tolerant and just wanted them to pay text, but as the Abbasid Empire grew and stance of tolerance changed. 

Sufism

the mystical, inner dimension of Islam, focusing on achieving a direct, personal experience of God through spiritual practices like meditation and devotion, rather than just outward adherence to law

In Middle East, places like Bagdad, during 8th and 9th centuries CE spread around afterwards

Entrepôts

a port, city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution. Cairo and Alexandria big ones, important because they connected Asia to the Mediterranean world. main maritime commercial centers in Mediterranean regions during 10th century

Delhi Sultanate

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi. most powerful turkish region at the time. didn’t force Muslim religion on anyone, only wanted reach and control to thrive, required people to pay taxes like the jiyaz in Abbasid Empire, rules for people who were Muslim and ones for who weren’t

Mali Empire

This empire lasted from 1226-1610, founded by King Sundiata early 13th century. Used calvary forces, horses and warfare, which allowed the empire to gain power and control in West Africa. Largest cities within the empire were Jenne and Timbuktu. Mansa Musa was the most famous emperor, traveled to celebrate haji but ended up spending so much money, it actually lost value.

West Africa more isolated before Mali Empire, but no longer after Mali Empire

Song China

Dynasty that took over the mandate of heaven far three centuries starting in 976 CE. It ruled an era of many economic and political successes, but it eventually lost northern China to nomadic tribes.

Flying Cash

a paper currency of the Tang dynasty in China and can be considered the first banknote. allowed wealthy merchants to exchange heavy strings of coins for transferable certificates, which they could then redeem for cash at different locations. This was crucial for commerce along the Silk Road. allowing merchants to avoid carrying heavy coins greatly increasing the speed and efficiency of commerce and trade

mongols

These people were a horse riding, nomadic clan that lasted from 1206- 1368. The horses were able to cover a lot of land and were used in war. This allowed this group to become so massive. Genghis Khan was the Supreme ruler that led conquests into different regions. This group ended the Abbasid caliphate when they overtook baghdad. It's influence continued through the Khanates and the Yuan Dynasty even after it ended.

yuan dynasty

Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song (1271-1368) Better at conquering than actually ruling.

black death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351. Disrupted trade routes, killed around 90 percent of the population in China. Yersinia Pestis was bacteria that started it.

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey Rise of Ottoman Empire what contributed: stance on religious tolerance, military strength,  (1299-1922 CE)

spanned parts of Southeast Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa, encompassing Anatolia (modern-day Turkey)

Topkapi Palace

showed how Istanbul was center of their world, had administrators work here for Sultans, early Sultans= fighting more in battles but over time become reclusive and stay in Topkapi Palace and do not venture out much imposed the idea that Istanbul was the center of their society. Bureaucrats working here

Sultans

central point of the empire, caretakers of Islamic faith. Described themselves as the shadows of God. Pushed for the building of more Mosques