tRNA modifications

modifications primarily at position 34

thiolation, inosine, m5C, queosine

modifications primarily at 37

m5C, ms2t6A, yW

inosine

expands codon recognition

U34 thilation

adds stability and influences amino acid incorporation

G37 methylation (wybutosine, t6A)

maintains reading frame

Queuosine

improves accuracy at wobble position

m5C

protects tRNA and promotes global protein translation

Responsible for U34 modifications and what it mediates

elongator complex, 5’carbamoylmethyluridine, 5-methylcarbamoylmethyluridine, 5-beta-N-methylcarbamoyluridine, 5-methylcarbamoylmethyl-2-thiouridine

U34 modification deficiency leads to

ribosome pausing

forms pathway for yW at G37

1-methylguanosine

additional modification if P37 is an edenosine and what it does

6-thioguanosine, translational efficiency and fidelity

Codon important for queosine

GUN

galQ and manQ do what

control translation speeds and folding

adds methyl group in m5C

DNMT

what promotes m5C

stress, promotes selective translation for stress adaptation