Essential Nutrients

Essential Nutrients Nutrition and Diet Therapy (Lecture)

Essential nutrients

required for normal growth but not synthesized in the body and therefore necessary in the diet

Carbohydrates

Fats

Protein

Vitamins

Minerals

Water

6 Essential Nutrients

A. According to their function in the body

B. According to its chemical properties

C. According to its mass

Three classification of nutrients

Carbohydrates

Fats

Protein

Energy giving nutrients

Proteins and Fat

These nutrients make up the 20% or 1/5 of the body, making a sum of 40% of the total body weight.

Carbohydrates

________ make up about 1% of the total body weight

4%

Minerals make up the ___ of the body weight.

28

Vitamins make up about __ grams of the body weight.

60%

Water makes up approximately ____ of the body weight.

Organic

nutrients that contain the element of carbon (C)

Inorganic

nutrients that do not contain carbon element

Carbohydrates

Fats

Protein

Vitamins

Organic nutrients

Water and minerals

Inorganic nutrients

Vitamins and minerals

Micronutrients

mass

the quantity necessary for cells and organisms to thrive

Macronutrients

are required in large quantities; involved as substrates in metabolic processes for energy

Micronutrients

are needed in small quantities; involved in regulating metabolism and energy processes, but not as substrates.

Water

Required in large quantities but not a substrate for energy

Carbohydrates

Fats

Protein

Water

Macronutrients

Carbohydrates

The main source of energy and composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO)

Providing energy
Protein-sparing action
Normal fat metabolism (antiketogenic)
Providing fiber

The functions of carbohydrates or PPAP

Protein-sparing action

they spare proteins for their primary function of building and repairing body tissues

Normal fat metabolism (antiketogenic)

prevent need for fat oxidation in the cells that can produce substances called ketones.

Fiber

creates a soft, bulky stool that moves quickly through the large intestine

Milk

The only substantial animal source of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

are the simplest form of carbohydrates.

Monosaccharides

Where do we classify Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose?

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides

Classification of carbohydrates

Glucose

- also called dextrose found naturally in corn syrup, some fruits and vegetables.

- is the form of carbohydrate to which all other forms are converted for eventual metabolism the central nervous system, the red blood cells, and the brain use only glucose as fuel; therefore, a continuous source is needed.

Fructose

- also called levulose or fruit sugar,

- is found with glucose in many fruits and in honey.

- is the sweetest of all the monosaccharides.

Galactose

- is a product of the digestion of milk.

- is not found naturally.

Disaccharides

are pairs of two monosaccharides. are sweet and must be changed to simple sugars by hydrolysis before they can be absorbed.

Disaccharides

Where do we classify Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose?

Sucrose

glucose + fructose

Maltose

glucose + glucose

Lactose

galactose + glucose

Sucrose

One of the sweetest and least expensive sugars. Present in granulated, powdered, and brown sugar and in molasses.

Maltose

• an intermediary product in the hydrolysis of starch

• produced by enzyme action during the digestion of starch in the body

• also is created during the fermentation process that produces alcohol

Lactose

• the sugar found in milk,

• helps the body absorb calcium.

• less sweet than monosaccharides or other disaccharides

Polysaccharides

commonly called complex carbohydrates because they are compounds of many monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Polysaccharides

Where do we classify Starch, Glycogen, and Dietary fibers?

Starch

storage form of glucose in plants and it takes the body longer to digest them, thus, they supply energy over a longer period of time.

Glycogen

• it is the storage form of glucose in the body (liver and muscles)

• sometimes called animal starch

• the hormone glucagon helps the liver convert glycogen to glucose as needed for energy.

Dietary fiber

also called roughage, is indigestible because it cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes.

Soluble and Insoluble

Two classifications of dietary fiber

Soluble fibers

partially dissolves in water and form a gel that helps provide bulk for the intestines

Insoluble fibers

it does not readily dissolve in water

Cellulose

is a primary source of dietary fiber and no nutritional value but provides bulk for the stool.

Hemicellulose

is found mainly in whole-grain cereal and some is soluble; some is not.

Lignin

are the woody part of vegetables such as carrots and asparagus or the small seeds of strawberries.

Soluble fibers

they are useful also because they bind cholesterol, thus reducing the amount the blood can absorb.

Pectin

edible thickening agent

Mucilage

gel-forming dietary fiber

Monosaccharides

are absorbed from the intestine directly into the bloodstream, carried to the liver, where fructose and galactose are changed to glucose.

Disaccharides

must be converted to the simple sugar glucose before they can be absorbed into the bloodstream

Polysaccharides

are more complex, and their digestibility varies, after the cellulose wall is broken down

Starch

is changed to the intermediate product dextrin; it is then changed to maltose and finally to glucose.

oxidation

blood then carries glucose to the cells for________ to yield energy.

glucose metabolism

is controlled mainly by the hormone insulin.

glycogen

excess glucose is converted to ________ and is stored in the liver and muscles.

adipose (fatty) tissue.

when more glucose is ingested than the body can either use immediately or store in the form of glycogen, it is converted to fat and stored as ______________

Carbon dioxide and water

The only waste products of carbohydrate metabolism are _______________ (except with cellulose)

Marasmus

a condition resulting from severe malnutrition, afflicts very young children who lack both energy and protein foods as well as vitamins and minerals.

Ketosis

abnormal increase of ketone bodies in the body due to reduced or disturbed carbohydrate metabolism because of burning fat for daily fuel rather than glucose sourced from carbohydrates

Obesity

excessive accumulation of body fat, usually caused by the consumption of more calories than the body can use.

Diabetes Type 2

a disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood and urine.

Cardiovascular diseases

is the broad term for problems with the heart and blood vessels. These problems are often due to atherosclerosis.

Proteins

composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON)

protos

Protein comes from the Greek word “_______”, which means primary.

16%

protein is made up of about ___ nitrogen, in both body tissue and food

Nitrogen or protein balance

______________________ of the body is an important factor in determining the body’s health

Nitrogen

is an essential element for all forms of life and is the structural component of amino acids from which animal and human tissues, enzymes, and many hormones are made.

Amino acids

compounds containing nitrogen and the building blocks of the protein molecule.

Polypeptides

a linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid bonded together in a chain.

Antibody

a protein substance produced within the body that destroys or weakens harmful viruses and bacteria

Biologic value of protein (BV)

the ability of a protein to support the formation of body tissue.

Complete protein

a protein containing all the essential amino acids and are of high biologic value.

Incomplete protein

a protein lacking one or more of the essential amino acids or containing some of the amino acids in only very small amounts

Essential amino acids

amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be provided by food.

Nonessential amino acids

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body to meet its needs.

Kwashiorkor

a severe protein deficiency disease that occurs in infancy or early childhood and in high-risk hospitalized patients.

Proteins

• primary function is to build and repair body tissues.

• important components of hormones and enzymes that are essential for the regulation of metabolism and digestion.

edema

proteins help maintain fluid and electrolyte balances in the body and thus prevent ________

Oncotic pressure

cause abnormal retention of body fluids or edema

Proteins

• are essential for the development of antibodies and, consequently, for a healthy immune system

• provide energy if and when the supply of carbohydrates and fats. in the diet is insufficient

• each gram provides 4 kcalories.

daily intake

Proteins in the form of amino acids are not stored therefore, a __________ is required.

high biologic value

Animal sources of protein (________) include milk and milk products, meat, fish, poultry, and eggs.

low biologic value

Plant sources (_________) include breads and cereal products, legumes, nuts, and seeds, and textured vegetable protein

mechanical digestion

_________________ begins in the mouth and continue in the stomach chemical digestion occurs in the stomach and small intestine.

Hydrochloric acid

converts pepsinogen to enzyme pepsin - reduce protein to polypeptides pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine (trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase) continue the chemical digestion of the polypeptides.

Intestinal peptidases

finally reduce polypeptides to amino acids- amino acids are absorbed by the villi into the bloodstream transported via the portal vein to the liver and are carried by the blood to all body tissues to build new ones.

Blood proteins

some amino acids stay in the liver to form liver tissue itself or to produce a wide variety of ________

deamination

some (excess) amino acids are broken down, the nitrogen containing part is split off from the carbon chain.

Proteins

the remaining parts are used for energy or are converted to carbohydrate or fat and stored as glycogen or adipose tissue

Arginine (essential during childhood)

Phenylalanine

Valine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Isoleucine

Methionine

Histidine (essential during infancy)

Leucine

Lysine

enumeration of the essential amino acids (PVTTIMHLL) - 8 are required by adults and 9 are required by infants

Nitrogen balance

when nitrogen intake equals nitrogen excreted.

positive nitrogen balance

exists when nitrogen intake exceeds the amount excreted. This indicates that new tissue is being formed, and it occurs during pregnancy, during children’s growing years, when athletes develop additional muscle tissue, and when tissues are rebuilt after physical trauma such as illness or injury.

Negative nitrogen balance

Indicates that protein is being lost. It may be caused by fevers, injury, surgery, burns, starvation, or immobilization

Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

lack both protein and energy-rich foods.

albumin

___________ deficiency will cause edema, resulting in an extremely swollen appearance.