Unit 2.4: Encoding Memories

A set of flashcards covering key concepts related to the encoding of memories, including types of memory, memory processes, and strategies that aid retention.

Explicit Memory

Retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare; also known as declarative memory.

Implicit Memory

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection; also known as nondeclarative memory.

Sensory Memory

A momentary sensory memory of visual or auditory stimuli, lasting no more than a few tenths of a second for visual and a few seconds for auditory information.

Short-Term Memory Capacity

Can hold approximately 7 pieces of information for less than 30 seconds; the capacity may vary slightly depending on the type of stimulus.

Effortful Processing

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort; it contrasts with automatic processing.

Automatic Processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, frequency, and well-learned information.

Deep Processing

Encoding semantically based on the meaning of words; tends to yield the best retention of information.

Chunking

An organizational strategy that involves grouping information into larger, manageable units to enhance memory retention.

Hierarchies

Organizing information into structured categories that facilitate better retention and retrieval.

Mnemonics

Memory aids, often utilizing vivid imagery and organizational devices, to improve the recall of information.

Rehearsal

The conscious repetition of information to be remembered, which aids in transferring the information to long-term memory.

Spacing Effect

The phenomenon where information is better retained when study sessions are spaced out over time rather than crammed.

Testing Effect

Improvement in retention of information when it is actively recalled in the form of tests or quizzes.

Iconic Memory

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory that lasts no more than a fraction of a second.

Echoic Memory

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli that can be recalled within a few seconds if attention is not diverted.