Honors Biology - Unit 6 Review

The building block of a nucleic acid is called a __________ and it consists of __ basic parts.

nucleotide; 3

This enzyme is used to add complimentary nucleotides to the original DNA strand during replication.

DNA polymerase

This scientist proved that DNA could cause transformation of cells and was the hereditary material.

Hershey and Chase

This enzyme functions to unwind the strands of DNA so that its base sequence is exposed.

helicase

Adenine and guanine are examples of ______ bases.

purine

This scientist was able to determine the shape of DNA using X-ray diffraction.

Rosalind Franklin

The nitrogen bases of DNA are help together by ________ bonds.

hydrogen

Meselon and Stahl determines the type of replication model for DNA is ________________.

semiconservative

During DNA relplication, the _______ strand follows the replication fork.

leading

Which enzyme is used in the lagging strand to connect Okazaki fragments?

ligase

This molecule carries the genetic code to the ribosome.

mRNA

DNA is always replicated from 3’ to 5’.

false

Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called a _____.

codon

Which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of protein?

DNA → RNA → protein

A template strand of DNA contains the bases GGACTGATT; the transcribes strand of mRNA would be:

CCUGACUAA

Where in a cell does transcription take place?

nucleusTranscription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where DNA is transcribed into mRNA.

During this stage of transcription, the transcription factor binds to a promoter.

initiation

During elongation in the process of translation, amino acids are joined using _______ bonds.

peptide

This type of mutation occurs when a change in a base results in a premature stop.

nonsense

During RNA processing all of the following happen except:

RNA polymerase binds to a promoter

Somatic cell mutations occur in body cells and may affect the offspring.

false

According to Mendel, a true breeding plant is a plant that

produces identical offspring when self-pollinating

The alternative forms of a single gene are

alleles

All of the following are part of Mendel’s conclusions except

principle of multiple alleles

In Mendel’s studies, the __ generation shows a 3:1 ratio of traits.

F₂

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait is a(n)

gene

A gene exhibiting this pattern of inheritance shows the heterozygous phenotype as a blend between the homozygous phenotypes.

incomplete dominance

This type of inheritance is when different phenotypes for the same genotype occur due to the environment.

phenotypic plasticity

A trait that is controlled by 2 or more genes is said to be

multi-allelic

Which of the following genotypes correctly re[resets a person with AB blood type?

I^AI^B

Based on the question above, the mode of inheritance for AB blood type is

codominance

Colorblindness is a recessive X-linked trait. A female carrier for color blindness would have which of the following genotypes?

X^BX^b

One exception to chromosomal inheritance is the inheritance of genes located on the DNA of organelles. In humans, genes that are on the DNA of ____________ affect the production of ATP.

mitochondria

In mammals such as humans, the female parent determines the sex of the offspring.

false

Two or more genes that are close to each other on a chromosome are said to be ______ because they tend to be inherited together.

linked

A typical sign that a trait is ________ is that it is recessive and mostly inherited by male offspring.

X-linked

This is a diagram that shows the matings and offspring over multiple generations for a specific trait.

pedigree

A women is a carrier for hemophilia - an X-linked condition. Her husband had hemophilia. Which of the following is not a possible genotype fot their offspring?

X^BX^B

In __________________ the phenotype of a specific allele is expressed when it comes from one parent but not the other.

genomic imprinting

Which of the following is not a type of gene mutation?

translocation

Nondisjunction is an example of a __________ mutation.

chromosome

Chemical and biological agents in the environment that can affect a person’s DNA are known as ________.

mutagens

Explain the differences between the primary transcript and the mature mRNA in the process of transcription.

The primary transcript contains both introns and exons and lacks modifications, while the mature mRNA has introns removed and includes a 5' cap and poly-A tail for stability and translation.

mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus

1st step of translation

mRNA attaches to a ribosome

2nd step of translation

tRNA carrying the amino acid methionine pairs with a start codon on mRNA

3rd step of translation

as each codon on the mRNA passes through the ribosome, tRNA brings the correct amino acids

4th step of translation

at a stop codon the ribosome releases the mRNA and protein

5th step of translation