AP Test Review Vocab

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170 Terms

1
Structuralism
psychological disorders are due to structural problems in the brain
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2
Functionalism
psychological disorders are due to functional problems in the brain
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3
Psychodynamic
psychological disorders are due to unconscious pressures
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4
Behaviorism
psychological disorders are due to wrong associations of stimulus and response
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5
Biological
psychological disorders are due to biological problems in the brain
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6
Cognitive
psychological disorders are due to choosing or using the wrong thoughts
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7
Evolutionary
psychological disorders are due to being in the wrong environment
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8
Humanistic
psychological disorders are due to barriers blocking natural growth
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9
Socio-cultural
psychological disorders are due to conforming to the wrong social situation
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10
APA Guidelines
Coercion, Informed Consent, anonymity, no risk/harm, careful with deception, debrief, conscious animal research/treatment
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11
Validity
how well does a test measure what it says it measures

types: face, construct, criterion-related, predictive
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12
Reliability
does a test produce consistent results

types: test-retest, parallel/alternative, inter-rater/grader, internal consistency
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13
Epigenetics
the study of how the environment and a person’s behavior affect their genes and how they work
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14
Central Nervous system
brain and spinal cord
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15
Peripheral nervous system
connects CNS to the rest of the body
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16
Sensory/afferent neurons
carry signals from the body’s sensory receptors to the brain
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17
Motor/Efferent neurons
carry signals from the brain to the body
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18
Peripheral divisions of the nervous system
Somatic (skeletal muscles), autonomic (automatic systems), sympathetic (responds to stressor), parasympathetic (calms down after stressor)
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19
Spinal Cord reflex arc
sensory info enters the body → spinal cord intercepts signal and reacts → motor neurons receive commands from spinal cord → pain stimulants enter the brain
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20
Endocrine system
a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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21
Adrenal glands
near the kidneys, release fight or flight response (epinephrine)
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22
Pituitary glands
release growth hormones and tell other glands to release sex and stress hormones
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23
Gonads
the main reproductive organs, testes, and ovaries
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24
Acetylcholine
memory
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25
Dopamine
addiction
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26
Serotonin
feel good
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27
Norepinephrine
fight or flight
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28
GABA
calm
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29
Glutamate
excitement
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30
glial cells
support, nourish, and protect neurons
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31
Frontal Lobe
speaking, muscle movements, thinking, planning, judging, inhibiting behavior
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32
Parietal lobe
processes physical touch, sense of body positions, facilitates language
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33
Occipital
visual processing
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34
Temporal
processes hearing, involved in facial recognition
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35
motor cortex
rear of the frontal lobe

controls voluntary movements
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36
somatosensory cortex
front of parietal lobes

registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
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37
association areas
in cerebral cortex

involved in primary motor sensory functions
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38
Medulla
base of brainstem

controls heartbeat and breathing
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39
Pons
above medulla

damage causes coma
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40
reticular formation
stretches from spinal cord through brainstem and thalamus

relay network where neurons cross and are responsible for arousal/attention
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41
Thalamus
top of brainstem

sends signals to other parts of the brain
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42
Hypothalamus
below thalamus

contains pleasure centers, responsible for fighting, fleeing, feeding, and mating
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43
Cerebellum
behind brainstem

processes sensory inputs, enables motor coordination, associated with non-verbal learning
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44
Amygdala
in the core

associated with emotion and aggression
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45
Hippocampus
near thalamus

where memories are created and transfers them to long-term memory

ex. HM’s damage was here
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46
Corpus Callosum
connects hemispheres
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47
Motor cortex
rear of frontal lobes

controls voluntary big movements
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48
Broca’s Area
rear of left frontal lobe

language production
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49
Wernicke’s area
left temporal lobe

language comprehension
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50
Agonists
chemicals that bind to NT receptor sites and activate a response
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51
Antagonist
chemicals that bind to NT sites and block a response
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52
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that control circadian rhythm
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53
Depressants
alcohol, benzos, opioids
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54
Stimulants
caffeine, cocaine, ecstacy, nicotine, methamphetamine
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55
Hallucinogens
cannabis, LSD, SSRIs
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56
Dream Theories
wish fulfillment, to remember, reverse learning, conditional activation, primitive instinct rehearsal, to heal, problem-solving, neural activation, cognitive development
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57
Perceptual set
pre-conceived way of interpreting a stimulus that is usually culturally or socially reinforced

ex. sensor bleeps
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58
cocktail party effect
ability to attend to only one voice among many while also being able to detect your own name in an unattended voice
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59
Cornea
bends light rays to start focusing
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60
Pupil
expands and contracts due to action of the iris
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61
Lens
focuses incoming light rays onto retina
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62
Retina
where images are focused; contains rods, cone, neurons
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63
Rods
receptor cells that detect white, black, and grey
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64
Cones
receptor cells that detect collor
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65
Bipolar cells
activate in response to the rods and cones being stimulated
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66
Ganglion cells
neurons that converge to form the optic nerve, which leave and go to the brain
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67
Fovea
on the retina where the images are focused
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68
Order of visual processing
cornea → anterior chamber → lens → retina
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69
Gestalt principle
tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes
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70
Figure-ground
organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
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71
Grouping
perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
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72
Binocular cues
depth cues, such as retinal disparity

use both eyes
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73
Monocular cues
depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective

use only one eye
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74
Phi phenomenon
an illusion of movement created when 2 or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
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75
Perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
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76
embodied cognition
the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements
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77
4 basic skin sensations
pressure, warmth, cold, pain
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78
Nociceptors
sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressures, and chemicals
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79
4 basic tastes
sweet, salty, sour, bitter
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80
kinesthesia
your sense of the position and movement of your body parts
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81
Vestibular sense
the sense of the body movement and position including the sense of balance
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82
Parallel processing
the brain’s natural processing of vision

simultaneously process many different aspects of a stimulus
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83
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic theory
the cones are sensitive to either red, green, or blue and combinations of these allow us to see color
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84
Opponent-Process theory
we have three opponent color pairs: red/green, yellow/blue, black/white
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85
perceptual constancy
when our brains perceive objects as having consistency even when visual input differs
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86
McGurk effect
when our sense of vision and hearing conflict with each other, vision wins
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87
Von Restorff effect
the more something stands out from the crowd, the more likely it is to be seen
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88
Habituation
an organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
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89
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behvaior
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90
Internal locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
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91
Outcome simultaion
ex. imagining yourself getting an A on a test
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92
Process simulation
ex. imagining yourself studying hard
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93
Agraphia
the loss of the previous ability to write
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94
Apraxia
difficulty getting your mouth to produce words, brain struggles to create words
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95
Dyslexia
difficulty knowing what something is but can’t comprehen
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96
Dysarthria
difficulty producing speech as a result from physical injuries in the face
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97
Schizophasia
incoherent words that only make sense to the speaker
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98
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor (object permanence), Pre-operational (language), concrete operational (think logically), formal operational (consider hypotheticals)
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99
Erikson’s developmental theories
trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, competence vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair
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100
Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development
pre-conventional (avoiding punishment and self-interest), conventional (good boy attitude and law and order morality), post-conventional (social contract and principle)
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