asvab science

crust

rocky outer layer of the Earth

mantle

thick layer of hot, solid rock under the crust

core

large sphere of metal that forms center of the Earth

plate tectonics

theory that pieces of the crust’s outermost layer move slowly, 1.4 inches per year

divergent plate boundaries

when oceanic plates move apart, seafloor spreading

convergent plate boundaries

form in areas where plates move toward each other and collide, create mountains

transform fault boundaries

when plates move sideways past each other

igneous rock

when magma cools and solidifies, basalt, obsidian, granite

sedimentary rock

forms over time as sediment is layered, squeezed, and solidified. sandstone, limestone, coal, and shale

metamorphic rock

when a rock is transformed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. slate, marble, quartzite

water

makes up 71% of the Earth’s surface, mostly groundwater, 97% salt water

transpiration

water evaporates from plants

water temperature points

freezes 32F, boils 212F

air is composed of

78% N, 21% O, 1% Ag, .4% CO

layers of the atmosphere from lowest to highest

troposphere, stratosphere (ozone), mesosphere, thermosphere (ISS), exosphere

planets

mercury, venus, earth, mars, jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune

inner/terrestrial planets

mercury, venus, earth, mars

mercury

88 days for one revolution, fastest v

venus

243 days to rotate around axis, day is longer than year

Mars

“red planet”, most similar to EarthJ

outer planets

jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune

gas giants

jupiter, saturn

ice giants

uranus, neptune

jupiter

largest planet, 79 moons

saturn

62 moons

outgassing

when a comet warms up from the sun

heterotrophs

eat decay, lowest level of ecosystem

autorophs

plants, make their own food

heterotrophs

herbivores, primary predators, secondary predators (less energy as u move up), eat each other

human body

11 major organ systems, 206 bones

alleles

different versions of genes, can be dominant or recessive

gregor mendel

father of genetics

heterozygous

someone who has two different alleles of a gene

homozygous

person who has two alleles of a gene

genotype

the two alleles for a particular gene

Farenheit

32 - 212, based on freezing/boiling of water

celsius

0 - 100, based on freezing/boiling point of water

Kelvin

0 K is absolute zero, all thermal motion ceases. boiling point of water is 373.15 K

Newton’s 1st law

an object at rest stays at rest, object in motion stays in motion (inertia)

newton’s 2nd law

F=ma

newton’s 3rd law

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Law of universal gravitation

strength of gravitational force depends on masses of objects and the distance that separates their centers

speed of light

300000 km/186000 miles per second

speed of sound

343 meters per second, (4.7 seconds to travel 1 mile), 4.3 times faster in water

Theory of Special Relativity

laws of physics are the same for all non-acclerating observers

mechanical energy

energy stored in objects by tension

chemical energy

energy stored within chemical bonds of atoms and molecules

nuclear energy

potential energy of particles inside an atomic nucleus

kinetic energy

thermal, electrical, radiant, sound, motion

elements

118, on periodic table

compounds

molecules made up of two or more elements

sublimation

solid to gas

deposition

gas to solid

subatomic particles

protons, electrons, neutrons

ions

atoms that have positive or negative charges. occurs from gaining or losing an electron

atomic number

based on the number of protons in the element

mass number

number of protons + number of neutrons

protoplasm

basic living substances

enzymes

substance used by cells to speed up reaction of chemicals

cellular respiration

combination of processes that release energy from glucose

amino acids

building blocks of proteins, changed into enzymes/hormones/protoplasm through synthesis

cytoplasm

living material of a cell within the cell membrane, contains organelles

endoplasmic reticulum

network of membranes extending from the nucleus to the cell membrane, allows for movement of materials

ribosome

small organelle, site of protein synthesis within cell

golgi body

complex of membranes that stores and transports materials

lysosome

saclike structure, releases enzymes in cell

plant cells vs. animal cells

plant cells have cell wall, animal cells have flagella

organic vs inorganic compounds

organic has carbon and hydrogen

carbohydrates

primary source of cell energy, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

lipids

fats and fatlike substances

macronutrients

carbs, proteins, fats

micronutrients

vitamins, minerals

five major food groups

dairy, protein, veggies/fruits, breads, cereals, grains, faits and oils

calorie

unit of heat necessary to raise 1 liter of water 1 degree celsius

sodium

regulates body temperature

biomes

arctic tundra, taiga (forests), deciduous (leaf-shedding forests), deserts, grasslands, tropical rain forests, marine

life functions

nutrition, circulation, respiration, growth, reproduction

prokaryotic cells

single-celled organisms

flagella

threadlike structures that function in the movement of simple organisms and the movement of particles in more complex organisms

cell

basic structural and functional unit of life-forms

carbohydrates are composed of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. provide fuel for body’s cells and brain functions

endocrine system

glands that regulate growth and blood pressure

law of independent assortment

each trait is inherited independently of other traits

earth’s age

4\.54 billion years, found through half-lives of radioactive minerals

oceans hold

96% of all water on earth (cover 3/4 of planet)

subduction zones

areas where tectonic plates meet

tides are caused by

gravitational pull of the sun and moon

ocean is divided into

seabed, water, shoreline

earth’s axial tilt

23\.5 degrees, causes the seasons

solar eclipse

moon is directly between the earth and the sun

meteorites

meteors large enough to reach ground u

umbra

earth’s shadow

asteroid belt

between mars and jupiter

barometer

measures changes in atmospheric pressure

hurricane

wind of 74 mph or more

Kelvin

C+273

atoms are considered

metals if they lend electrons, nonmetals if they borrow electrons, inert if they neither borrow nor lend

angstrom

measures the wavelength of light

critical temperature

temperature at which a gaseuous substance cannot return to the liquid phase

sulfur

used for sulfuric acid, widely used