PORG ETHER and Thiols

Ether

• Class of organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups

• Ethers

• are similar in structure to alcohols and both _ and alcohols are similar in structure to water.

alcohol

• one hydrogen atom of a water molecule is replaced by an alkyl group

ether

both hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl and aryl groups.

symmetrical ether.

• If the alkyl substituents are identical, the ether is a _

unsymmetrical ether

• If the substituents are different, the ether is an _

less

Ethers: Physicochemical Properties

Relative to alcohols, ethers are generally ___ dense, are __ soluble in water and have lower boiling points.

Ether

Relatively unreactive and as a result they are useful as solvents for fats, oil, waxes, perfumes, resins, dyes, gums and hydrocarbons.

insecticides

Vapors of certain ethers are used as _. Miticides and fumigants for soil.

Fixed oils

contain relatively high quantities of liquid glycerides (glyceryl oleate).

Fats

contain large amounts of solid glycerides (glyceryl stearate).

Waxes

are esters of high molecular weight monohydric alcohols and high molecular weight fatty acids.

Resins

are natural or induced solid or semi-solid exudates from plants characterized by being insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether, crystallizable and softening or melting at a moderate heat.

Gum

- a viscous secretion of some trees and shrubs that hardens on drying but is soluble in water, and from which adhesives and other products are made.

Insecticides

are pesticides that are formulated to kill, harm, repel or mitigate one or more species of insect.

Miticide

, also called Acaricide, any chemical substance used to control mites or ticks

Soil fumigants

are pesticides that, when applied to soil, form a gas to control pests that live in the soil and can disrupt plant growth and crop production

Alcohols

Bimolecular Dehydration into Ethers:

_ undergo bimolecular dehydration into ethers.

Dehydration

is used commercially to produce diethyl ether.

Cleavage

Reactions of Ethers:

Most ethers can be _, by hydrobromic acid (HBr) to give alkyl bromides

or by hydroiodic acid (HI) to give alkyl iodides.

Autoxidation

Reactions of Ethers:

is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly autoxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides.

ethyl ether (CH3CH2-O-CH,CH3)

_simply known as ether, was first used as a surgical anesthetic in 1842.

Enflurane

is a halogenated inhalational anesthetic initially approved by the FDA in 1972. Since this date, it has been withdrawn from the US market.

Clofibrate

is a lipid-lowering agent used for controlling the high cholesterol and triacylglyceride level in the blood. It belongs to the class of fibrates.

Guaifenesin

is used to treat coughs and congestion caused by the common cold, bronchitis, and other breathing illnesses,

is a medication used as an expectorant, intended to help cough out phlegm from the airways.

Robitussin ®

Robitussin DM®

Brand name of Guaifenesin (2)

Dextromethorphan HBr

- cough suppressant - group of cough medications which work by stopping the urge to cough and reducing the times you cough.

Mucolytics are medications that providers use to treat chronic lung and breathing conditions. They break up mucus in your lungs and make it easier to cough out.

-acetylcysteine, bromhexine, ambroxol and carbocisteine

Codeine

, a potent pain-relieving drug, is the methyl ether of morphine.

nitrous oxide (N,O) and halothane

Because ether is highly flammable, it has largely been replaced by less-flammable anesthetics, including _ and _ .

octane rating, or octane number

, is a standard measure of a fuel's ability to withstand compression in an internal combustion engine without detonating.

Thiols

are sulfur analogs of alcohols.

mercaptans

Thiols used to be called _ because they form strong complexes with heavy metal cations such as mercury and arsenic (they capture mercury).

Thiol

any of a class of organic chemical compounds similar to the alcohols and phenols but containing a sulfur atom in place of the oxygen atom.

thioethers

• or Sulfides are analogues of ethers.

thioethers

_ could be considered as derived from hydrogen sulfides.

• Thioethers have unpleasant smell.

• Thioethers are colorless oily liquids.

• Thioethers are insoluble in water but soluble in ethers & alcohols.

• Thioethers have higher boiling point compared to those of corresponding ethers.

Physical Properties: Thioethers

OTC cimetidine

used to prevent and treat symptoms of heartburn associated with acid indigestion and sour stomach.

H, blockers

Cimetidine is in a class of medications called _ . It decreases the amount of acid made in the stomach.

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

conditions where the stomach produces too much acid,