Skeletal System Bones

sutural bones/wormian bones

Which type of bones are…

• small, flat, oddly shaped

• ranges in size from a grain of sand to a quarter with borders similar to pieces of a jigsaw puzzle

• found between the flat bones of the skull

irregular bones

Which type of bones…

• have a complex shape with short, flat, notched or ridged surfaces

• form the vertebrae of the spinal column, bones of the pelvis, and several bones in the skull

short bones

Which type of bones…

• are cube-like in shape and approximately equal in length, width and thickness

• only exist in the carpals of the wrists and tarsals of the ankles

• provide stability and support as well as some limited motion?

flat bones

Which type of bones…

• provide protection for underlying soft tissues

• offer an extensive surface area for the attachment of skeletal muscles

• form the cranial bones, the scapulae (shoulder blades), the sternum (breastbone) and the ribs

long bones

Which type of bones…

• are cylindrical in shape and longer than they are wide

• form the humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula metacarpals, phalanges metatarsals, and phalanges?

sesamoid bone

Which type of bones…

• are usually small, round, and flat

• are found near the joints of the knees, hands, and feet and embedded inside tendon

compact bone

Which of the two types of bone…

• is the cortex (outer parts) in a flat bone

• contains a hard bony matrix

• is heavy

spongy bone

Which of the two types of bone contains…

• red and yellow marrow cavity

• network of struts, honeycomb-like, diploe

metaphysis

In a femur (long bone), the epiphysis and diaphysis (shaft) meet at the (?)?

medullary cavity

In a femur (long bone), the central space of the diaphysis contains yellow marrow and is called the what?

diaphysis (shaft)

Which part of the femur (long bone) has a wall of solid, dense compact bone and a central space called a medullary cavity?

epiphysis

Which part of the femur (long bone) is mostly spongy bone and contains red marrow?

lacunae

What are the pockets that contain a single osteocyte called?

canaliculi

What are the narrow passageways that join the central canal with lacunae to exchange nutrients, waste, and gasses with osteocytes?

bone matrix

Dense, solid tissue composed of collagen fibers and minerals are part of the what?

calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2

Which component makes up almost 2/3 of the bone matrix?

1/3

Collagen fibers make up about (?) of the bone matrix?

decalcified

A (?) bone would only contain collagen fibers

collagen fibers

Which component of the bone matrix reinforces bone strength?

calcium hydroxide

In the bone matrix, calcium phosphate interacts with what to form crystals of hydroxyapatite?

osteogenic cell

What do you call an osteoprogenitor cell that produces daughter cells that differentiate osteoblasts?

epiphyses of long bones

In long bones, spongy bone is found predominantly in what?

circumferential lamellae

Concentric layers (lamellae) of bone containing osteocytes that are organized around a central canal are called

osteoclasts

Cells that secrete enzymes and acids to dissolve the bony matrix

periosteum

Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts are all found in the what?

diaphyses of long bones

What are the sites within bone containing large amounts of compact bone called?

epiphyses of long bones

Which part of long bones are the sites of bone marrow and blood cell production?

calcium salts

Deposits of what make the matrix of compact bone dense?

osteon

A functional unit of compact bone is called (?)?

central canal

In compact bone, what contains a blood vessel(s) and run parallel to the bone?

lamellae

In compact bone, what do you call the ring-like layers of bone matrix?

concentric lamellae

In compact bone, what surrounds the central canal and resembles a "bulls eye"?

circumferential lamellae

In compact bone, what are at outer and inner bone surfaces called?

interstitial lamellae

In compact bone, what fills spaces between osteons?

dense irregular connective tissue

What kind of tissue does the periosteum consist of?

perpendicular

Collagen fibers run (?) to the surface of bone

parallel

Osteons run (?) to axis

canaliculi

What contains processes of osteocytes which is important for the communication between cells?

fibrous, cellular

The periosteum contains outer (?) and inner (?) layers

periosteum

The (?) covers outer surfaces of bones with the exception of joints

dense irregular connective tissue

The outer fibrous layer of the periosteum contains (?)

osteogenic cells, osteoblast, osteoclast (NO osteocyte)

The inner cellular layer of the periosteum contains (?), (?), and (?).

periosteum

The (?) helps with growth repair, contains a network of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and sensory nerves.

perforating fibers

What are tendons that have been trapped inside the compact bone by layers of bone deposit called?

perforating fibers

What makes muscle to bone connection very strong?

endosteum

The (?) is an incomplete cellular layer containing exposed osteoblasts, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.

spongy

The endosteum wraps around marrow by covering trabeculae in a (compact/spongy) bone

spongy

(Compact/spongy) bone lacks osteons

trabeculae

The matrix of spongy bone forms an open network of (?)

red

In spongy bone, (red/yellow) bone marrow fills spaces between trabeculae

yellow

Although uncommon, spongy bone may contain (red/yellow) bone marrow

trabeculae

During compression on weight-bearing bones, (?) in epiphysis of the femur transfer forces from pelvis to compact bone of temporal shaft across knee joint

pelvis

During compression on weight-bearing bones, trabeculae in epiphysis of the femur transfer forces from (?) to compact bone of temporal shaft across knee joint

temporal shaft

During compression on weight-bearing bones, trabeculae in epiphysis of the femur transfer forces from pelvis to compact bone of (?) across knee joint

lateral side

During tension on weight-bearing bones, the weight can force the (?) to bow and bend. The tension in this area resists the tendency of the femur to bend.

nutrient artery and vein

Which type of major blood vessel supplies diaphysis?

nutrient artery and vein

Which type of major blood vessel pass through nutrient foramina in diaphysis?

metaphyseal vessels

Which type of major blood vessel supplies blood to epiphyseal cartilages?

metaphyseal vessels

Which type of major blood vessel is where bone growth occurs

periosteal vessels

Which type of major blood vessel is found on periosteum?

periosteal vessels

Which type of major blood vessel supplies blood to superficial osteons?

ossification/osteogenesis

Bone formation is called (?)

calcification

Deposition of calcium salts is known as (?)

ossification

Calcification occurs during (?)

intramembranous ossification

In which of the two forms of ossification does bone develop directly from mesenchyme and occurs mostly in flat bones?

Endochondral ossification

In which of the two forms of ossification does bone replace existing cartilage?

long

Endochondral ossification occurs mostly in (?) bones?

8

Intramembranous ossification starts at about the (?)th week of embryonic development

mesenchyme

In intramembranous ossification, (?) is responsible for bone formation

5

Intramembranous ossification occurs in (?) main steps

1

The following occurs during the (?) stage of intramembranous ossification.

• Mesenchymal cells cluster together and differentiate into osteoblasts

• Osteoblasts cluster to form ossification center

• In ossification centers, osteoblasts secrete osteoid

• Osteoid becomes mineralized with calcium salts forming bone matrix

2

The following occurs during the (?) stage of intramembranous ossification.

• the developing bone grows outward from the ossification center.

• ossification center joins to form spicules

• some osteoblasts are trapped inside ossification center pockets where they differentiate into osteocytes

3

The following occurs during the (?) stage of intramembranous ossification.

• blood vessels branch and grow between spicules

• spicules interconnect, trapping blood vessels within bone

• the rate of nutrient growth accelerated with oxygen and a reliable supply of nutrients

4

The following occurs during the (?) stage of intramembranous ossification.

• all spicules disappear

• a "filled" plate of spongy bone with full matrix and blood vessels appears

5

The following occurs during the (?) stage of intramembranous ossification.

• osteons begin to develop due to remodeling around blood vessels

• the matrix has appearance of spongy bone. Compact bone appears on superficial surface

• periosteum develops (fibrous and cellular)

hyaline cartilage

The process by which (?) is gradually replaced by bone; also the process by which most bones form

primary, secondary

(?) ossification center and (?) ossification center develop inside hyaline cartilage

6

Endochondral ossification begins at week (?) of embryo when most limbs are made of hyaline cartilage

7

Endochondral ossification occurs in (?) steps

chondrocytes

During endochondral ossification, (?) produce and maintain the hyaline cartilage matrix

1, 4

During endochondral ossification, primary ossification center (diaphysis) occurs during steps (?) - (?)

5, 7

During endochondral ossification, secondary ossification center (epiphysis) occurs during steps (?) - (?)

primary

In endochondral ossification, during which ossification center does the following occur?

• Hyaline cartilage is growing in embryo

• Chondrocytes in the center of cartilage growing big in size

• Hyaline cartilage matrix calcifies

• Chondrocytes starve due to lack of nutrients.

• Chondrocytes die and surrounding cartilage is disintegrated.

• Blood vessels invade the resulting spaces carrying osteogenic cells

• Primary ossification center forms.

• Enlarged spaces combine to become the medullary cavity.

appositional growth

In endochondral ossification, growth in width/diameter is called (?)

interstitial growth

In endochondral ossification, lengthening of bone through primary and secondary ossification centers is called (?)

secondary

In endochondral ossification, during which ossification center does the following occur?

• Hyaline cartilage matrix at two epiphysis calcifies; Chondrocytes die; blood vessels invade the resulting spaces carrying osteogenic cells. Matrix forms.

• Blood brings osteogenic cells to synthesize bone in the epiphyseal regions

• When last of the chondrocytes are replaced with bone matrix, epiphysial line can be seen

epiphyseal closure

completion of epiphyseal growth is called (?)

2

secondary ossification centers lead to development of (?) epiphyses

primary ossification

primary ossification center leads to development of the diaphysis shaft

epiphyseal

width of (?) cartilages reveals timing of endochondral ossification

epiphyseal line

Former location of epiphyseal cartilage is visible on x-rays as an (?)

weaken

The process of bone remodeling must be balanced. if removal is faster than replacement, bones will (?).

osteoblasts

exercise, particularly weight-bearing exercise, stimulates (?)

a lack of activity

bone degenerates quickly when there is (?)

elongate

Growth hormone and thyroxine maintain epiphysial cartilage so bones can (?).

epiphyseal line closure

sex hormones lead to (?) by increasing osteoblast activity more than epiphysial cartilage expansion. Estrogen causes this faster, so females “tend” to be shorter.

parathyroid hormone

The hormone(s) that helps increase blood Ca2+ is (?)

sex hormones, growth hormones

hormone(s) that stimulate osteoblast activity

osteoporosis

decrease in bone matrix to the point where bone cannot function normally

cartilage and spongy bone

during repair of bone fractures the external callus is initially made of (?)