Biology Genetics and Evolution: Key Concepts and Processes

Sugar phosphate

at and gc

Kingdom classifications

bacteria, archaea, protea, fungi, plantae

DNA construction

twisted ladder, double helix nucleotide, and is constructed of nucleotides

Function of the DNA

DNA stores genetic material and organisms

Somatic cells

pairs: one chromosome is from the maternal parent and the other is from the paternal parent

Autosomes

responsible for life functions

Sex chromosomes

male is XY and female is XX

Homologous chromosomes

pairs with similar size, shape location and carry genes for the same genes

Protein synthesis step 1

transcription- make a copy of the DNA

Protein synthesis step 2

copy moves out of the nucleus ribosome

Protein synthesis step 3

Translation- ribosomes reads the copy and builds the protein

Protein synthesis step 4

secretion- protein leaves cell

Genetic diversity

small differences in 1 type of species

Species diversity

All different species in one area

Ecosystems diversity

different ecosystems

Homozygous dominant

both alleles are dominant

Heterozygous

one allele dominant other is recessive

Homozygous recessive

both alleles are recessive

Codominance

both alleles are seen, with red and white flowers making white dotted red flowers

Incomplete dominance

blending of allele, red and white flowers make pink flower

Mutation

change in genetic code

Selective advantage

helps a specie survive

Types of mutations

• helpful, - harmful, o neither helps nor harms

Natural selection

process by which characteristics of a population changes

Selective pressure

causes harm or death to some animals, but some have advantage to selective pressure

Mutagen

anything that causes a change in DNA

Carcinogen

can cause cancer

Artificial selections

humans choose which organism get to reproduce based on desired traits

Transgenic

organisms + foreign genes

Gene therapy

technique that treats or prevents disease by changing or replacing faulty one with new ones