Manifestations of gender bias (MGB) 3

1. Marginalization

2. Subordination

3. Multiple Burden

4. Gender Stereotyping

5. Violence Against Women

6. Effects on Personhood

6 manifestations of gender bias

Marginalization

Unequal pay for work of equal value

Marginalization

Women are not recognized for their valuable work

• under or non-valuation/recognition of women’s work

Marginalization

last to be hired, first to be fired

Marginalization

limited opportunities

Marginalization

exacting sexual favors

Marginalization

women have less access to and control over resources and benefits

Marginalization

Economic Aspect

Subordination

Position

Subordination

Status

Subordination

Decision-making

Subordination

Process of socialization

Multiple Burden

Reproductive

• childbearing, household chores

Multiple Burden

Productive

• income-earning activities

Multiple Burden

Community Management

• volunteer work

Multiple Burden

Constituency-based politics

• government work

Gender Stereotyping

child-rearing

Gender Stereotyping

language

Gender Stereotyping

behavior

Gender Stereotyping

media

Gender Stereotyping

education

Gender Stereotyping

occupation

Gender Stereotyping

religion

Gender Stereotyping

popular culture

Effects on personhood

No control over one’s body

Effects on personhood

Low self-esteem