the negative energy change that occurs when an electron is accepted by an atom in the gaseous state to form an anion, how likely an atom is to except an electron; atoms with low _____ tend to be cations; atoms with high _____ tend to be anions
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exothermic
process that releases heat, causing the temperature of the immediate surroundings to rise; a negative value of [delta]H is _____ [ex. F(g) + e- ---> F-(g)]
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endothermic
process that absorbs heat and cools the surroundings, happens only in concert with one or more exothermic processes such as forming an ionic compound (since that process requires energy)
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metals
elements whose atoms tend to lose electrons during a chemical change
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noble gases
group on the periodic table with full ns and np subshells, making them very stable and tend not to accept/give up electrons
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isoelectric
when two ions share the same electron configuration, but different nuclear charges
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ionic radius
the radius of a cation or anion; cations are always smaller than their atoms and anions are always bigger than their atoms (the radius increases due to electron-electron repulsions)
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compound
substance composed of two or more elements combined in a specific ratio and held together by chemical bonds
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molecule
bonded by the sharing of electrons --> covalent bonds; the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
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ionic compound
a pure substance formed between a metal and a nonmetal that has an overall neutral charge --> NO molecules in a(n) _____
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diatomic molecules
molecules that contain 2 or more atoms; are either heteronuclear (two different elements) or homonuclear (two of the same elements)
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polyatomic molecules
contain two or more atoms
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chemical formula
formula that denotes the composition of a substance; i.e. H2O
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molecular formula
formula that shows the exact number of atoms of each element in a molecule; i.e. H:O:H or H-O-H
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structural formula
formula that shows the element composition and the general arrangements
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law of conservation of mass
the law that mass cannot be created or destroyed, mass is constant during ordinary chemical reactions, atoms present at the start of the reaction must be present after reaction
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law of definite proportions
the law that a chemical compound has a fixed ratio of component elements
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law of multiple proportions
the law that says (in short) that there cannot be a fraction of an atom
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