lecture #2 from elijahs notes

What are the four main types of tissues in the human body?

Nervous tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue.

What components make up the body structure?

Muscle, skeleton, fat.

What factors affect the distribution of structural components in the body?

Sex, genetics, age, lifestyle.

What is the formula for body mass composition?

Body mass = fat mass + lean body mass.

What is the 'two-component model' of body composition?

It divides body composition into fat and fat-free components.

What does the 'four-component model' of body composition include?

It includes chemical components.

What is anthropometry?

Quantitative measurement of body size and proportions.

Why is it important to assess body composition?

To monitor changes in body composition associated with growth and to compare with diseased states.

What does 'correlation ≠ causation' mean in body composition contexts?

Obesity does not directly cause diabetes, but it leads to changes that can cause diabetes.

What is essential fat?

Fat required for normal physiological functions.

Where is storage fat located?

It is stored in adipose tissue under the skin, in the abdominal cavity, and around certain organs.

How does fat storage differ between males and females?

Males generally have less fat and different patterns of fat storage compared to females.

What is the typical fat distribution pattern for males?

Apple shape, with fat concentrated in the upper torso and abdomen.

What is the typical fat distribution pattern for females?

Pear shape, with fat located in thighs, hips, and buttocks.

How does fat distribution change after menopause?

Fat tends to distribute more in the abdominal region.

What is the obesity epidemic?

The increasing rates of obesity each year.

What are the causes of obesity?

Caloric surplus, decreased physical activity, increased calorie consumption.

What is sarcopenia?

The decrease in muscle mass associated with aging.

What are some common methods for assessing body composition?

Direct methods (chemical analysis) and indirect methods (noninvasive).

What is the relationship between body density and body fat?

A greater proportion of fat results in lower body density.

What does BMI stand for?

Body Mass Index.

What is the formula for calculating BMI?

BMI = mass/height^2.

What are the limitations of BMI?

It does not consider body composition, fat distribution, or visceral fat.

What is waist circumference used to assess?

Central obesity.

What is the rationale behind using skinfold measurements for body fat assessment?

There is a relationship between the fat located under the skin and internal body fat.

What is the error margin when predicting % fat from skinfold measurements?

Approximately 3-4%.

What does the o-scale system do?

It combats error in skinfold measurements and provides an adiposity rating.

What does bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measure?

The resistance to electricity flow in the body.

What is a limitation of BIA?

Estimates can overestimate fat in lean individuals and underestimate in obese individuals.

What are some procedures for assessing body composition besides BIA?

DEXA, CT scan, and MRI.

Why should results of body composition estimations be interpreted with caution?

Because of potential errors in measurement and assessment techniques.

What is criterion validity?

It refers to the extent to which a measure correlates with another measure of the same construct.

What is the major structural difference between subcutaneous and visceral fat?

Subcutaneous fat is located beneath the skin while visceral fat surrounds internal organs.

How does aging typically affect body composition?

Increased fat mass and decreased muscle and bone mass.

Why is proper nutrition important for maintaining body composition?

It supports optimal body functions and can help slow aging-related changes.

What is the average caloric surplus in the average U.S. citizen?

445 more calories than their maintenance needs.

How does physical activity levels relate to obesity rates?

Decreased physical activity contributes to rising obesity rates.

What two components are involved in the 'four-component model' of body composition?

Chemical components.

What is the impact of high-sugar diets on body composition?

They contribute to weight gain and obesity.

What is subcutaneous fat?

Fat that is stored under the skin.

What is visceral fat?

Fat that is stored around internal organs.

What happens to fat distribution in women after menopause?

Fat tends to shift to the abdominal area.

What does the waist-hip ratio indicate?

It helps assess central obesity.

What are skinfold measurements?

Direct measurement of subcutaneous fat to estimate total body fat.

What threshold signals an increased mortality risk due to high BMIs?

Overweightness.

How does fat content relate to body density?

Higher fat content results in lower body density.

What’s a common error associated with prediction equations used for body fat?

They may misestimate body fat percentage.

What are population-specific equations?

Equations tailored for specific demographic and genetic groups to estimate body fat.

What contributes to the complexity of body fat measurement accuracy?

Variability in individual body composition and measurement techniques.

What should be standardized for accurate BIA measurements?

The individual's level of hydration.

What is sarcopenia?

The loss of muscle mass associated with aging.

What role does exercise play in combating aging effects on body composition?

Regular exercise helps maintain muscle and bone mass.

What societal factors contribute to obesity?

Advertisements, social pressure, and family influence.

What is the average impact of high-calorie diets on body weight?

They lead to weight gain and obesity.

Why are direct methods of body composition assessment rarely used outside of research?

They often require invasive procedures or are impractical in non-research settings.

What should be taken into account when assessing body composition in elderly individuals?

The potential for frailty and decreased muscle mass.

What approach can help prevent skeletal fragility in elderly women?

Achieving optimal bone mass during childhood through nutrition and exercise.

How does body composition change in an industrialized society according to aging statistics?

Increased fat mass and decreased muscle and bone mass.

What is a significant lifestyle factor that leads to increased obesity rates?

Sedentary behavior, such as extended screen time.

What physiological functions are supported by essential fat?

Hormone synthesis and transport of fat-soluble vitamins.

Why is it essential to use population-specific equations for body fat estimation?

To improve the accuracy of fat percentage predictions.

What happens to the proportion of visceral fat distribution in females after menopause?

It tends to increase.

What is a primary characteristic of the obesity epidemic?

Rising obesity rates every year.

What relationships exist in the context of body composition and age?

Aging typically results in increased fat mass and loss of muscle and bone mass.

What are the implications of BMI as a health indicator?

It provides a general assessment but lacks detail on body composition.

What are some indirect methods of body composition assessment?

Using non-invasive techniques such as BMI and waist circumference.

How critical is hydration status for methods like bioelectrical impedance analysis?

Very critical, as it affects resistance measurements.