Anatomy Lab Practical #1

Sagittal Plane

left and right

Coronal Plane

front and back

Transverse Plane

above and below

Superior and Inferior

closer to head vs closer to feet

Anterior and Posterior

closer to the front (ventral) vs closer to the back (dorsal)

Proximal and Distal

closer to the point of attachment vs farther from the point of attachment

Superficial and Deep

closer to the surface vs further from the surface

Medial and Lateral

closer to the midline vs farther from the midline

Cranial Cavity (brain) and Vertebral Cavity (spinal cord) surrounded by Meninges (membranes)

Dorsal Body Cavity

Thoracic Cavity (heart and lungs) and Abdominopelvic Cavities (digestive organs, urinary system, and reproductive organs) seperated by the Diaphragm and surrounded by Serous Membranes

Ventral Body Cavity

Right and Left Hypochondriac Region

Epigastric Region

Umbilical Region

Right and Left Lateral (Lumbar) Region

Pubic (Hypogastric) Region

Right and Left Inguinal (Iliac) Region

4 Primary Tissue Types

Epithelial (cover), Connecting (support), Muscle (movement), Nervous (control)

Epithelial Subtypes

Connective Subtypes

Muscle Subtypes

Characteristics of Epithelial Membranes

1. Polarity— having one free surface (apical) and one surface in contact with the basement membrane (basal)

2. Specialized Junctions— cells are fitted together closely, limited extracellular matrix

3. Supported— Highly vasculized connective tissue underlies the basement membrane

4. Avascular but Innervated— no blood vessels but have nerves

5. Regeneration— cell division can replenish epithelia if well nourished

Where is Epithelial tissues found?

Covering the external body surfaces and lining cavities and tubules

What are the functions of Epithelial Tissues?

Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception

Simple Squamous Epithelium

What are the functions of Simple Squamous Epithelium?

1. Allows rapid passage of chemical compounds (filtration or diffusion)

2. Secrete lubricating substances

Example Locations of Simple Squamous Epithelium

1. Air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs

2. Blood vessel, heart lining

3. Lymphatic vessels (—>Endothelium)

4. Lining of ventral body cavity (—>Mesothelium)

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

What are the functions of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?

1. Secretion

2. Absorption

Example Locations of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

1. Kidney tubules

2. Ducts of secretory glands

3. Ovary surfaces (—>Germinal Epithelium)

Simple Columnar Epithelium

What are the functions of Simple Columnar Epithelium?

1. Absorption

2. Secretion of mucus, enzymes, and etc.

Example Locations of Simple Columnar Epithelium

1. Non-cilliated— most digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, excretory glands of some ducts

2. Ciliated— small bronchi, uterine tubes, some regions of the uterus

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

What are the functions of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium?

1. Secrete substances, especially mucus

Example Locations of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

1. Non-ciliated— male’s sperm-carrying and large glands ducts

2. Ciliated + Mucus-secreting goblet cells— lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract (—> Respiratory Epithelium)

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

What are the functions of Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

1. Can be keratinized

2. Protects underlying tissues from abrasion

Examples Locations of Stratified Squamous Epithelium

1. Non-Keratinized— line the mouth, esophagus, and vagina

2. Keratinized— makes up the epidermis

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

What are the functions of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium?

1. Protection

Example Locations of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

1. Ducts of excretory glands (salivary, sweat, mammary)

2. very rare

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

What are the Functions of Stratified Columnar Epithelium

1. Occurs in the transition areas or junctions between two other types of epithelia

2. Never ciliated

3. Protection

4. Secretion

Example Locations of Stratified Columnar Epithelium

1. Male Urethra

2. Ducts of some glands

3. Pharynx

Transitional Epithelium

What are the Functions of Transitional Epithelium?

1. allow urinary organs to expand and stretch as they fill/ empty urine

2. when empty they become 6 layers of stratified cuboidal epithelium

3. when filled they become 3 layers of stratified squamous epithelium

Example Locations of Transitional Epithelium

1. Exclusively found in the urinary system

Characteristics of Connective Tissues

1. Non-living portion— extracellular matrix made of fibers and ground substances; fiber content of Collagen, Elastic, and or Reticular

2. Living portion— cells that produce the contents of the nonliving portion; originated from mesenchyme, Fibroblasts, Chondroblasts, Osteoblasts, Hematopoietic stem cells

3. Exhibit different degree of vascularity

Connective Tissue Proper Loose

Higher proportion of ground substance and fewer loosely organized fibers, leaving large spaces in between

1. Areolar

2. Adipose

3. Reticular

Connective Tissue Proper Dense

Reinforced by tight bundles of fibers that provide tensile strength, elasticity, and protection

1. Elastic

2. Irregular

3. Regular

Areolar CT Proper Loose

What are the Functions of Areolar CT Proper Loose?

1. The main tissue all other connective tissues are variated from

2. Consists of collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

3. Mainly consists of Fibroblasts

4. Cushions organs

Example Location of Areolar CT Proper Loose

1. Widely distributed under many epithelia of organ systems and capillaries

Adipose CT Proper Loose

What is the Functions of Adipose CT Proper Tissue?

1. Mainly consists of Adipocytes

2. Fuel Reserve

3. Insulation against heat loss

4. Supports and protects organs

Example Locations of Adipose CT Proper Loose

1. Under skin dermis

2. Around the Kidneys

3. Breasts

Reticular CT Proper Loose

What are the Functions of Reticular CT Proper Loose?

1. Contains high proportion of reticular fibers and various types of blood cells

2. Forms a soft internal skeleton that supports embedded cells

Example Locations of Reticular CT Proper Loose

1. Lymphoid organs

Elastic CT Proper Dense

What are the Functions of Elastic CT Proper Dense?

1. Higher proportions of elastic fibers

2. Allows a recoil of tissue following stretching

Example Locations of Elastic CT Proper Dense

1. Walls of large arteries

2. Within ligaments

Irregular CT Proper Dense

What are the Functions of Irregular CT Proper Dense?

1. Primarily consists of irregularly arranged collagen fibers and some elastic fibers

2. Primary cell type is Fibroblasts

3. Withstand tension from multiple directions

Example Locations of Irregular CT Proper Dense

1. Dermis of the skin

Regular CT Proper Dense

What are the Functions of Regular CT Proper Dense?

1. Primarily composed of parallel collagen fibers and some elastic fibers

2. Primary cell type is Fibroblasts

3. Attach muscles to bones or other muscles

4. Attach bones to bones

5. Withstand tensile stress when pulled in one direction

Example Locations of Regular CT Proper Dense

1. Ligaments

2. Tendons

Hyaline Cartilage CT

What are the Functions of Hyaline Cartilage CT?

1. Amorphous but firm matrix with collagen fibers and chondrocytes

2. Supports and reinforces structures

3. Resists compressive stress

4. Resilient Cushion

Example Locations of Hyaline Cartilage CT

1. Most of embryonic skeleton

2. Nose

3. Trachea

4. Larynx Cartilage

5. Ends of long bones at joints

Elastic Cartilage CT

What are the Functions of Elastic Cartilage CT?

1. Primarily elastic fibers

2. Rare in body

3. Maintain the shape of structure while allowing flexibility

Example Locations of Elastic Cartilage CT

1. External ear

2. Epiglottis

Fibrocartilage CT

What are the Functions of Fibrocartilage CT?

1. Less firm extracellular matrix

2. Primarily made of collagen fibers

3. Compressive shock absorption

Example Locations of Fibrocartilage CT

1. Intervertebral discs

2. Pubic symphysis

3. Discs of knee joints

Bone CT

What are the Functions of Bone CT

1. Hard calcified matrix containing collage fibers

2. Primarily cell type is osteocytes

3. Highly vascularized

4. Support and protect soft organs by encasing them in bone

5. Calcium Storage

6. Hematopoiesis in bone marrow

Example Locations of Bone CT

1. Bones

Blood CT

What are the Functions of Blood CT?

1. Completely fluid matrix (blood plasma)

2. Transport of respiratory gasses, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

Example Locations of Blood CT

1. Within the circulatory system

Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

1. Contractility—The ability to shorten and generate force in response to a stimulus

2. Excitability—The capacity to respond to electrical or chemical signals

3. Extensibility—The ability to be stretched without tearing

4. Elasticity—The tendency to return to its original length after being stretched

5. Atrophy and Hypertrophy— change in size, either decreasing (atrophy) or increasing (hypertrophy), often in response to activity levels or lack thereof

Smooth Muscle Tissue

What are the Functions of Smooth Muscle Tissue?

1. Uninucleated

2. No visible striations

3. Involuntary

4. Propel foodstuffs along GI tract, urine through urinary tract, baby through birth canal

Example Locations of Smooth Muscle Tissue

1. Walls of hollow organs

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

What are the Functions of Cardiac Muscle Tissue?

1. Uninucleated

2. Involuntary

3. Make contact with each other at intercalated discs

4. Propels blood out of the heart and into arteries

Example Locations of Cardiac Muscle Tissue

1. Walls of the heart

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

What are the Functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue?

1. Multinucleated

2. Voluntary

3. Locomotion

4. Facial Expressions

Example Locations of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

1. Skeletal muscles attached to bones, other skeletal muscles, or skin

Nervous Tissue

What are the Functions of Nervous Tissue

1. Neurons— transmit messages through out the body (excitability and conductivity)

2. Glial Cells— support, protect, and insulate neurons

3. Regulate involuntary processes such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion 

4. Initiate motor commands to muscles

Example Locations of Nervous Tissue

1. Brain and spinal cord of the central nervous system

2. Nerves of the peripheral nervous system

What are the two divisions of the Integumentary System?

1. Skin— tough outer protective layer, composed of superficial epidermis layer and deeper dermis layer

2. Accessory skin structures— all derived from epidermis residing in the dermis, sweat (sudoriferous) glands, oil (sebaceous) glands, nails, hair and follicles

Stratum Coreum

Characteristics of the Stratum Corneum

1. Superficial stratum

2. Contains many layers of dead keratinocytes

3. Glycolipids in extracellular space

Stratum Granulosum