ANSC 4410 Midterm

TTU ANSC 4410 Clinical Vet Midterm

VCPR

Veterinary Client Patient Relationship

Triage

The assignment of degrees of urgency to wounds or illnesses to decide the order or treatment with large influx of patients

What is a signalment?

The patient chart that includes patient name, breed, sex, color, age and weight

SOAP

Subjective Objective Assessment Plan

Subjective

Chief complaint, history, impression/observations, clinical signs

Objective

Physical examination, vitals, and lab/imaging results

Assessment

Diagnosis and prognosis

Plan

Course of action recommended such as treatments or procedures, follow up recommendation

How often should an IMMATURE patient be seen and what for?

Every 3 weeks for vaccination, parasite control, feeding instructions

How often should an ADULT patient be seen and what for?

Annually; monitoring of health and early detection of potential problems

How often should an GERIATRIC patient be seen and what for?

Biannually; screening for any health problems that have developed

Physical Examination

Process of evaluating objective anatomic findings, observation, palpation

What should you go over/look at when performing a physical examination?

History, mentation (how the patient is acting mentally), appearance, symmetry, and posture

Body Condition Score (BCS)

Scale of 1-9 (1-3 = too thin, 4-6 = ideal, 7-9 = obese)

What is the normal color when looking at mucous membranes?

Pink

If the mucous membranes are either light pink, or blue, what does it probably indicated?

Either anemia or cyanotic; inadequate blood flow and or oxygenation

What does it mean if mucous membranes are bright red in color?

There is an increase in vasodilation which could indicate sepsis, fever, or an inflammatory response

What does it mean if mucous membranes are yellow in color?

Bilirubin (pigment from the breakdown of RBC) accumulation

What does it mean if mucous membranes are brown in color?

Methemoglobinemia; intravascular hemolysis

Capillary Refill Time (CRT)

Hydration assessment where you press on the gums and count the seconds it takes for normal color to return

Normal CRT

Less than 3 seconds

What is the desired range of hydration?

0-5%

What part of the body is a very important indicator of overall health in a patient?

The hair-coat

When looking at the NOSE, what should you look for?

It should be moist and clean with no dryness, cracking, discharge, or bleeding

Characteristics of a healthy hair-coat

It should be shiny, smooth, soft unbroken skin, with minimal odor

Characteristics of an UNHEALTHY hair-coat

Patchy hair, open sores, oily discharge, foul odors

How should a patient's eyes appear when giving a physical exam?

Bright, moist, clear, centered, and should react to the appropriate light setting

What are the indicators of abnormal eyes?

Dull, sunken, dry eyes thick from discharge. Unequal or unresponsive pupil characteristics

Feline heart rate

100 - 120 bpm

Canine heart rate

60 - 120 bpm, larger dog should have lower bpm

Normal characteristics of the cardiovascular system

Pulse is easily palpated, strong and regular. Normal resting rate is 15 - 60 breaths per minute

Normal characteristics of the musculoskeletal system

The animal should have normal symmetry and is non painful on palpation or manipulation

What should you observe when examining the neurological system?

You should check the cranial nerves, proprioception, withdrawals, and reflexes as well as the patient being symmetrical and stable

What should be observed when checking temperature?

Normal temperature should be between 101-102.5 F and the thermometer is clean when removed

Asepsis

The absence of pathogenic microbes in living tissue

Sterilization

Process of killing all microbes with the use of a physical or chemical agent

Antiseptic

A chemical agent that kills pathogenic microbes or inhibits their growth

Disinfectant

Germicidal that kill microbes on inanimate objects and cannot be exposed to heat

Antimicrobial Agents

Drugs used to alter the activity of microorganisms in the patient

Clean Operations

Non-traumatic wounds without inflammation or break in surgical technique

Clean-Contaminated Operations

The GI tract or respiratory tracts are entered without significant spillage or the oropharynx/genitourinary tracts are entered in the absence of infection

Contaminated Operations

Major break in sterile technique such as gross spillage from GIT or fresh traumatic wounds

Dirty Operations

Acute bacterial inflammation encountered such as a traumatic wound with necrotic tissue, fecal contamination, etc

-ECTOMY

Excision or surgical removal of tissue

-ORRHAPY

Surgical repair of/or by use of suture

-OSCOPY

Direct visual examination of a structure

-OSTOMY

Creation of a new permanent opening in a tissue

-OTOMY

Surgically incising tissue and closing of that tissue

-PEXY

Surgical fixation of a structure by use of suture

-PLASTY

Molding, shaping, or forming surgically (Plastic surgery)

Ablation

Removal by cutting, separation, detachment, or eradication

Brachycephalic Syndrome

Any upper airway disorder that leads to respiratory effort, noise, or distress

Cesarean Section

Delivery of a fetus by incision through abdominal wall and uterus

Debridement

Removal of all foreign material, or contaminated tissue until healthy tissue is exposed

Dehiscence

Splitting open (surgical wound)

Intussusception

Prolapse of one part of the intestines into the lumen of the adjacent part causing obstruction

Laparotomy

Incision though the body wall

Marsupialization

Conversion of a closed cavity into an open pouch

Mucocele

Dilation of a space/cavity with accumulated mucous secretion

Onychectomy

Excision of a portion of an organ or other structures

Resection

Excision of a portion of an organ or other structures

Torsion

State of being twisted

Volvulus

Rotation of a portion of the GIT on its mesenteric axis so as to occlude the lumen

Important aspects of canine castration

Identification of 2 testicles, dorsal recumbency, and removal of hair from incision site

Important aspects of feline castration

identification of 2 testicles, dorsal/lateral recumbency, pluck or clip hair from scrotum, incision remains UNSUTURED

What are some examples of ophthalmic surgeries

Entropion repair, eyelid tucking, neoplasm removal, marsupialization of eyelid, enucleation

Draping

Impermeable and secured sterile field that is performed by gowned surgeon and is secured with BACKHAUS TOWEL CLAMPS

Aspects of Post Operative Care

Hourly check of body temperature, checking of reflexes, and pain response

Pharmacology

The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs

Drug

Any chemical compound used on or administered to a patient as an aid in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease

Poison

A substance that on ingestion, inhalation, absorption within the body may cause structural or functional disturbances

Any drug administered has the potential to become a poison (T/F)

True

Therapeutic Index (TI = LD50/ED50)

Comparison between a drug's ability to achieve the desired effect and its tendency to produce toxic effects

"Extra-Label Use"

Use of a drug in any way other than the approved way

Controlled Substances

Drugs that have potential to be abused (Scale of C1-C5)

Pharmacokinetics

Study of the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of medicinal products

What are the 5 Rights?

Right DRUG, DOSE, ROUTE, TIME, PATIENT

Nutraceuticals

Non-drug substnace that is produced in a purified form and administered orally to provide agents required for normal body structure and function with the intent of improving overall health and well being

Mayo-Hegar

Needle drivers without cutting edge

Olsen-Hegar

Needle drivers WITH cutting edge

Mayo (Scissors)

Used for dissecting dense tissue, blunt on both points

Metzenbaum (Scissors)

Used for dissecting delicate tissues, thinner and slightly curved at the point

Scalpel #3

Smaller handle used with blades 10, 11, 12, 15

Scalpel #4

Bigger handle used with blades 20-25

Surgical Clamps

Used for hemostasis; clamping of blood vessels, dissecting, retracting, or holding tissue that is going to be excised

Halstead Mosquito Forceps

Transverse serrations designed to grab tissue with the tip pointed toward the vessel

Kelly Forceps

Transverse serrations with one point straight and one point curved

Rochester-Carmalt Forceps

Longitudinally oriented serrations designed to grab tissue with the clamp pointing away

Doyen Intestinal Forceps

Non-crushing and used on tissue that is to remain within the patient

Absorbable Suture

Loses tensile strength within 60 days (Vicryl - braided, Monocryl, Maxon, PDS)

Non-Absorbable Suture

Maintains tensile strength longer than 60 days (Prolene, Vetafil, Silk, Nylon, Stainless steel)

Suture size

2, 1, 0, 2-0, 3-0, 4-0; 0.5, 0.4, 0.35, 0.3, 0.2, 0.15 (mm)

Swage-Eye-End Needle

Non-traumatic, minimizes handling and prep, and don't need to thread

Close-Eye-End Needle

More traumatic, unthreads prematurely

Interrupted Suture Patterns

Every suture has a knot, very safe, but time consuming

Continuous Suture Patterns

Only initial and final stitches are tied but if one knot fails the entire line fails

Simple interrupted

Appositional; "1 circle 1 knot" with good cosmetic result

Horizontal mattress

Everting; forms a square and cannot be used for a tension suture

Vertical mattress

Appositional; "far-far-near-near" good cosmetically

Cruciate

Appositional; forms an X and prevents eversion