BIOL 113L - Exam 2 Material

General Embryology studies the earliest stages of human _____ development, focusing on the first _____ weeks from _____ to the formation of the _____ _____.

• prenatal

• 3

• fertilization

• trilaminar disc

General embryology includes these 4 processes.

1. Gametogenesis

2. Cleavage

3. Implantation

4. Gastrulation

Week 1 is referred to as: the _____ to _____.

Fertilization to Implantation.

In Week 1, fertilization usually starts in the _____.

ampulla

In Week 1, fertilization is followed by _____, or cell division.

cleavage

In Week 1, as cleavage occurs, the zygote travels to the _____, forming a _____ structure.

uterus; morula

In Week 1, after a morula is formed, a _____ is then formed.

This structure implants itself into the _____.

blastocyst; endometrium.

In Week 2, this stage is referred to as: the _____ _____

bilaminar disc

In Week 2, the _____ differentiates into a _____-layered embryonic disc and early _____ structures.

blastocyst; 2; placental

In Week 2, the two-layered embryonic disc is known as the _____blast and the _____blast.

epiblast; hypoblast

In Week 2, the early placental structure is known as the _____.

trophoblast

Gametogenesis is the production is _____ cells, known as the _____ and _____.

sex; sperm; ovum

Gametogenesis takes place via the process of _____, where each gamete is _____ (1n).

They are NOT _____ (2n).

meiosis; haploid; diploid

There are _____ Germ Layers, which involve:

1. _____

2. _____

3. _____

3; ectoderm; mesoderm; endoderm

The germ layers all form _____ and _____.

tissues; organs

The Prenatal Periods are divided into 3 sections:

1. _____

2. _____

3. _____

pre-embryonic

embryonic

fetal

The Pre-embryonic period is weeks _____ to _____.

weeks 0-2

The Embryonic period is weeks _____ to _____, also known as _____.

3-8

organogenesis

The Fetal period is weeks _____ to _____.

9 - birth

Kidneys maintain the body’s internal _____.

environment

Kidneys regulate total body _____ volume and _____ concentration.

water; solute

Kidneys regulation _____ concentrations in _____ fluid, known as ECF.

ion; extracellular

Kidneys ensure there is long-term _____-_____ balance.

acid-base

Kidneys excrete metabolic _____, _____, and _____.

wastes; toxins; drugs

Kidneys produce a hormone called _____, and an enzyme called _______.

erythropoietin

renin

Erythropoietin is a hormone that regulates _______ (RBC) production.

red blood cell

Renin is an enzyme that is needed to synthesize _______, which is a hormone involved in _______ regulation.

Angiotensin II

blood pressure

Kidneys activate Vitamin _______, which helps to form _______.

D; calcitriol

Kidneys are part of the _______ system, which includes 3 components:

1. _______

2. _______ _______

3. _______

Urinary system

ureters

urinary bladder

urethra

Ureters transport _______ from the kidneys to the _______ _______.

kidneys; urinary bladder

The Urinary Bladder acts as a temporary _______ reservoir for _______.

storage; urine

The Urethra transports _______ out of the body.

urine

URINARY SYSTEM:

Kidneys are _______, which means they are bean-shaped and are located _______ the lining of the _______ cavity.

retroperitoneal

behind

abdominal

The _______ _______ provides some protection for the kidneys.

rib cage

The _______ (or suprarenal) gland sits _______ each kidney.

adrenal

atop

Each kidney has a _______ lateral surface and a _______ medial surface, which contains the renal _______.

convex

concave

hilum

The renal hilum is where the _______, blood _______, _______, and _______ enter and exit the kidney.

ureters

blood vessels

lymphatics

nerves

_______ layers of supportive tissue surround the kidney.

3

The 3 layers of supportive tissue surrounding the kidney are:

1. _______ _______

2. _______ _______ capsule

3. _______ capsule

1. Renal fascia

2. Perirenal fat capsule

3. Fibrous capsule

The Renal Fascia layer is the anchoring _______ layer of dense fibrous _______ tissue.

outer; connective

The Perirenal Fat Capsule layer is fatty (_______) cushion.

adipose

The Fibrous Capsule is a _______ _______ capsule that prevents the spread of _______.

transparent organ; infection

The Perirenal Fat Capsule provides a sense of cushioning.

The upper parts of both kidneys are protected by the _______ _______.

rib cage

The lower parts of both kidneys are susceptible to _______ _______, especially the _______ kidney.

blunt trauma; right

Examples of blunt trauma for the kidneys include…

• falls

• motor vehicle accidents

• contact sports injuries

The _______ _______ is especially vulnerable to injury from rapid _______ during car crashes.

renal artery

deceleration

Tears, or _______ and blood clots, or _______, can occur in the renal artery after deceleration during car crashes.

lacerations

thrombosis

Blood in urine, or _______, is an important sign that the renal artery may have been teared/formed blood clots.

hematuria

To help heal lacerations or thrombosis in the renal artery, _______ treatment may be required.

surgical

The kidney consists of 3 distinct internal regions:

1. _______

2. _______

3. _______

cortex

medulla

pelvis

The Renal Cortex is _______-colored. It is a _______ region with a _______ appearance.

light; superficial; granular

The Renal Medulla is _______-colored, similar to a reddish-brown region.

It is deep to the _______.

dark; cortex

The Renal Medulla consists of 2 structures:

1. _______ _______

2. _______ _______

Cone-shaped medullary (renal) pyramids

Renal columns

The Cone-shaped medullary (renal) pyramids have two parts:

• The broad _______ of the pyramids faces the _______.

• The tip of the pyramid, _______, points internally.

base; cortex

papilla

The Renal Columns are _______ extensions of _______ _______ that separate the pyramids.

inward; cortical tissue

The lobe is made of the _______ _______ + surrounding _______ _______.

medullary pyramid; cortical tissue.

Each kidney has approximately _______ lobes.

8

The Renal Pelvis is a _______-shaped tube, with a _______ end that is continuous with the _______.

funnel; distal; ureter

The _______ end of the renal pelvis receives urine from the _______, which are branches.

proximal; calcyces

Describe the process of urine flow.

• Crunchy Raisins Until Bed.

1. Calyx

2. Renal Pelvis

3. Ureter

4. Bladder (via smooth muscle contractions in its walls).

Crunchy Raisins Until Bed.

The Nephrons are the structural and functional units that filter _______ and form _______.

blood; urine

Each nephron consists of a renal _______ and a renal _______.

corpuscle; tubule

Each nephron empties into one of thousands of _______ _______.

collecting ducts

Each Renal Corpuscle consists of a _______ and its corresponding _______ capsule.

glomerulus; glomerular capsule

The Glomerulus is a tuft of _______ capillaries.

fenestrated

The fenestrated capillaries inside the glomerulus are extremely _______ in texture. This helps them provide the efficient formation of _______.

porus; filtrate

Filtrate is a _______-derived fluid that renal _______ process to form _______.

plasma; tubules; urine

The Glomerular Capsule, also known as _______’s Capsule, is a _______-shaped _______ structure that surrounds the glomerulus.

Bowman’s; cup; hollow

The Glomerular capsule consists of 2 layers: _______ layer and _______ layer.

parietal; visceral

The Renal Tubule is made of _______ _______ with _______ major parts.

simple epithelia; 3

The 3 major parts that make up the renal tubule are:

1. _______ _______ _______

2. _______ _______ (Loop of _______)

3. _______ _______ _______

1. Proximal convoluted tubule

2. Nephron loop; Loop of Henle

3. Distal convoluted tubule

The proximal convoluted tubule is _______ to the renal corpuscle.

closer

The distal convoluted tubule is _______ from the renal corpuscle.

further

The renal tubule drains into the _______ _______.

collecting duct

There are _______ major groups of nephrons:

1. _______ nephrons

2. _______ nephrons

2; cortical; juxtamedullary

Cortical nephrons are _______ percent of all nephrons, and they exist almost entirely in the _______ of the kidney.

85; cortex

Cortical nephrons are _______ nephron loops that dip into outer (_______) _______.

short; superficial; medulla

Juxtamedullary nephrons originate close to the _______-_______ junction.

cortex-medulla

Juxtamedullary nephrons are _______ nephron loops that extend into inner (_______) _______.

long; deep; medulla.

Ascending limbs of the juxtamedullary nephrons have _______ and _______ segments.

thin; thick

Juxtamedullary nephrons are essential to the kidney’s ability to produce _______ _______.

concentrated urine

The nephron capillary beds inside of the _______ are arranged in _______, and are specialized for _______.

glomerulus; parallel; filtration

Unlike other capillaries, the glomerulus is both _______ and _______ by the _______.

fed; drained; arterioles

Blood enters the glomerulus via the _______ arteriole, which is _______ in size.

afferent arteriole

LARGER

Blood exists the glomerulus via the _______ arteriole, which is _______ in size.

efferent arteriole; SMALLER.

Arterioles act as ______-resistance vessels, located on both ______ of the glomerulus.

high; ends

Arterioles, on both ends of the glomerulus, help maintain the ______ glomerular ______ ______ needed for ______.

high; blood pressure; filtration

A glomerulus is a special _____ bed that is adapted for _____.

capillary; filtration

A wide _____ arteriole supplies each glomerulus with blood.

afferent

A narrower _____ arteriole drains each glomerulus with unfiltered substances.

efferent

Urine composition differs greatly from filtrate!

Urine contains unneeded or _____ substances (like _____) and metabolic _____.

excess; salts; wastes

_____ processes are involved in urine formation and the adjustment of _____ composition.

3; blood.

The 3 processes involved in urine formation and adjustment of blood composition:

1. _____ filtration

2. Tubular _____

3. Tubular _____

1. Glomerular filtration

2. Tubular reabsorption

3. Tubular secretion

1. Glomerular filtration takes place in the renal _____ and produces _____ and _____-free filtrate.

corpuscle; cell; protein

Blood arrives in the glomerulus via the _____ _____.

afferent arteriole.

_____ pressure forces fluid through the _____ membrane of the glomerulus, leaving protein and cells in the capillary.

hydrostatic; filtration

After passing through the filtration membrane, the filtrate enters the _____ _____.

glomerular capsule

Filtrate moves from the glomerular capsule into the _____ _____, where it is processed.

renal tubule

Unfiltered substances drain into the _____ arteriole, which leads to the _____ _____^.

efferent; peritubular capillary

2. Tubular reabsorption moves substances that the body needs from the _____ to the _____.

filtrate; blood