Untitled Flashcards Set

Daimyo: Powerful Japanese feudal lords controlling samurai armies and large estates during feudal Japan.

Edo: Former name of Tokyo, center of Tokugawa Shogunate power.

Manchu: Ethnic group from Manchuria that founded the Qing Dynasty in China.

Ming Dynasty: Chinese dynasty (1368–1644) known for restoring Chinese rule and flourishing trade.

Period of Great Peace: Era of stability in Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Qing Dynasty: Last Chinese dynasty (1644–1912), expanded China’s borders under Manchu rule.

Tokugawa Shogunate: Military government in Japan (1603–1868) that centralized power and maintained peace.

Tributes: Payments from subordinate states to a superior power, common in China’s foreign relations.

Delhi: Capital of the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire in India.

Devshirme: Ottoman practice of recruiting Christian boys to serve in the military or administration.

Ghazi Ideal: Ottoman concept of a warrior defending and expanding Islam.

Gunpowder Empire: Empires like the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals that used gunpowder weapons to expand.

Janissaries: Elite Ottoman infantry, originally composed of Christian boys taken through devshirme.

Shah: Persian term for king, used in Safavid and Mughal empires.

Shari'ah: Islamic law derived from the Quran and Hadith.

Sikhism: Religion founded in Punjab blending elements of Hinduism and Islam.

Taj Mahal: Mausoleum built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan for his wife, symbolizing Mughal architecture.

Tax Farming: System where the right to collect taxes was sold to private individuals.

Zamindars: Landowners in Mughal India who collected taxes for the empire.

95 Theses: Martin Luther’s 1517 critique of the Catholic Church, sparking the Protestant Reformation.

Anglican Church: Church of England, established by Henry VIII after breaking from Catholicism.

Boyars: Russian nobility, diminished in power under Ivan IV.

Council of Trent: Catholic Church council (1545–1563) responding to the Reformation, addressing corruption.

Counter-Reformation: Catholic response to the Reformation, reaffirming doctrines and reforming practices.

Divine Right: The belief that monarchs derive their authority from God.

Edict of Nantes: 1598 decree by Henry IV of France granting religious tolerance to Huguenots.

Empiricism: Philosophy stressing observation and experience as sources of knowledge.

English Bill of Rights: 1689 document establishing parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy.

Elect: Calvinist concept of those predestined by God for salvation.

Gutenberg Printing Press: Invention that revolutionized information dissemination, key to the Reformation.

Indulgences: Catholic practice of selling forgiveness for sins, criticized by Martin Luther.

Inquisition: Catholic institution aimed at rooting out heresy, especially in Spain.

Intendants: French royal officials who collected taxes and governed provinces under Louis XIV.

Jesuits: Catholic missionary order founded during the Counter-Reformation.

Peace of Augsburg: 1555 treaty allowing German princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism.

Peace of Westphalia: 1648 treaties ending the Thirty Years' War, establishing state sovereignty in Europe.

Predestined: Calvinist belief that God preordained salvation for certain individuals.

Puritans: English Protestants seeking to purify the Church of England from Catholic practices.

Reformation: 16th-century movement challenging Catholic doctrine, leading to Protestantism.

Romanov Dynasty: Russian ruling family (1613–1917) that expanded and centralized Russia.

Simony: Selling of church offices, a corrupt practice criticized during the Reformation.

Spanish Armada: Spanish fleet defeated by England in 1588, marking the decline of Spanish naval power.

Tax Farmers: Individuals contracted to collect taxes for the government.

Thirty Years' War: European conflict (1618–1648) rooted in religious, political, and territorial disputes.

Versailles: Lavish palace built by Louis XIV, symbolizing absolute monarchy in France.

People:

Emperor Qianlong: Qing emperor during China's height, known for expansion but also decline due to corruption.

Kangxi: Qing emperor known for stability and territorial expansion.

Tokugawa Ieyasu: Founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate, unified Japan.

Shah Abbas I: Safavid ruler who revitalized the empire with military reforms and alliances.

Shah Jahan: Mughal emperor known for building the Taj Mahal.

Suleiman I: Ottoman ruler who expanded the empire and supported cultural developments.

John Calvin: Protestant reformer whose ideas on predestination influenced Calvinism.

Cardinal Richelieu: French minister who centralized royal power under Louis XIII.

Charles V: Holy Roman Emperor, struggled to maintain religious unity in Europe.

Henry VIII: English king who broke from the Catholic Church, founding the Anglican Church.

Ivan IV: First Russian tsar, expanded territory but ruled with brutality.

Louis XIV: French king known for his absolute rule and building of Versailles.

Martin Luther: Initiator of the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses.

Peter I: Russian tsar who modernized and expanded Russia, founding St. Petersburg.

Philip II: King of Spain during its peak, responsible for launching the failed Spanish Armada.