Untitled Flashcards Set

Daimyo

Powerful Japanese feudal lords controlling samurai armies and large estates during feudal Japan.

Edo

Former name of Tokyo, center of Tokugawa Shogunate power.

Manchu

Ethnic group from Manchuria that founded the Qing Dynasty in China.

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty (1368–1644) known for restoring Chinese rule and flourishing trade.

Period of Great Peace

Era of stability in Japan under the Tokugawa Shogunate.

Qing Dynasty

Last Chinese dynasty (1644–1912), expanded China’s borders under Manchu rule.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Military government in Japan (1603–1868) that centralized power and maintained peace.

Tributes

Payments from subordinate states to a superior power, common in China’s foreign relations.

Delhi

Capital of the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire in India.

Devshirme

Ottoman practice of recruiting Christian boys to serve in the military or administration.

Ghazi Ideal

Ottoman concept of a warrior defending and expanding Islam.

Gunpowder Empire

Empires like the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals that used gunpowder weapons to expand.

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman infantry, originally composed of Christian boys taken through devshirme.

Shah

Persian term for king, used in Safavid and Mughal empires.

Shari'ah

Islamic law derived from the Quran and Hadith.

Sikhism

Religion founded in Punjab blending elements of Hinduism and Islam.

Taj Mahal

Mausoleum built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan for his wife, symbolizing Mughal architecture.

Tax Farming

System where the right to collect taxes was sold to private individuals.

Zamindars

Landowners in Mughal India who collected taxes for the empire.

95 Theses

Martin Luther’s 1517 critique of the Catholic Church, sparking the Protestant Reformation.

Anglican Church

Church of England, established by Henry VIII after breaking from Catholicism.

Boyars

Russian nobility, diminished in power under Ivan IV.

Council of Trent

Catholic Church council (1545–1563) responding to the Reformation, addressing corruption.

Counter-Reformation

Catholic response to the Reformation, reaffirming doctrines and reforming practices.

Divine Right

The belief that monarchs derive their authority from God.

Edict of Nantes

1598 decree by Henry IV of France granting religious tolerance to Huguenots.

Empiricism

Philosophy stressing observation and experience as sources of knowledge.

English Bill of Rights

1689 document establishing parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy.

Elect

Calvinist concept of those predestined by God for salvation.

Gutenberg Printing Press

Invention that revolutionized information dissemination, key to the Reformation.

Indulgences

Catholic practice of selling forgiveness for sins, criticized by Martin Luther.

Inquisition

Catholic institution aimed at rooting out heresy, especially in Spain.

Intendants

French royal officials who collected taxes and governed provinces under Louis XIV.

Jesuits

Catholic missionary order founded during the Counter-Reformation.

Peace of Augsburg

1555 treaty allowing German princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism.

Peace of Westphalia

1648 treaties ending the Thirty Years' War, establishing state sovereignty in Europe.

Predestined

Calvinist belief that God preordained salvation for certain individuals.

Puritans

English Protestants seeking to purify the Church of England from Catholic practices.

Reformation

16th-century movement challenging Catholic doctrine, leading to Protestantism.

Romanov Dynasty

Russian ruling family (1613–1917) that expanded and centralized Russia.

Simony

Selling of church offices, a corrupt practice criticized during the Reformation.

Spanish Armada

Spanish fleet defeated by England in 1588, marking the decline of Spanish naval power.

Tax Farmers

Individuals contracted to collect taxes for the government.

Thirty Years' War

European conflict (1618–1648) rooted in religious, political, and territorial disputes.

Versailles

Lavish palace built by Louis XIV, symbolizing absolute monarchy in France.

Emperor Qianlong

Qing emperor during China's height, known for expansion but also decline due to corruption.

Kangxi

Qing emperor known for stability and territorial expansion.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate, unified Japan.

Shah Abbas I

Safavid ruler who revitalized the empire with military reforms and alliances.

Shah Jahan

Mughal emperor known for building the Taj Mahal.

Suleiman I

Ottoman ruler who expanded the empire and supported cultural developments.

John Calvin

Protestant reformer whose ideas on predestination influenced Calvinism.

Cardinal Richelieu

French minister who centralized royal power under Louis XIII.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor, struggled to maintain religious unity in Europe.

Henry VIII

English king who broke from the Catholic Church, founding the Anglican Church.

Ivan IV

First Russian tsar, expanded territory but ruled with brutality.

Louis XIV

French king known for his absolute rule and building of Versailles.

Martin Luther

Initiator of the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses.

Peter I

Russian tsar who modernized and expanded Russia, founding St. Petersburg.

Philip II

King of Spain during its peak, responsible for launching the failed Spanish Armada.