AP US Government Unit Five Vocabulary

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Political Participation Unit Vocabulary. Definitions from O'Connor/Sabato textbook or Khan Academy

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44 Terms

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14th Amendment

Guarantees equal protection and due process of the law to all US citizens

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15th Amendment

Specifically enfranchised newly freed male slaves

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17th Amendment

Made senators directly elected by the people, removing their selection by state legislatures

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19th Amendment

Passed in 1920; guaranteed women the right to vote

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24th Amendment

Declared poll taxes void in federal elections

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26th Amendment

Extended suffrage to people aged 18-20 years old by lowering the voting age from 21 to 18.

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Rational Choice Voting

Voting based on what is perceived to be in the citizen’s individual interest.

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Retrospective Voting

Voting to decide whether the party or candidate in power should be re-elected based on the recent past.

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Prospective Voting

Voting based on predictions of how a party or candidate will perform in the future.

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Straight-ticket voting

Supporting a party by voting for candidates from one political party for all public offices at the same level of government.

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Structural Barriers

State laws that make it more difficult to vote (for example, requiring voters to present state IDs)

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Political Efficacy

A citizen’s belief that their vote matters and can influence government policies.

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Midterm Election

An election that takes place in the middle of a presidential term

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Presidential Election

Elections that take place every four years, in which voters elect the president and the vice-president.

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Party Identification

Citizen’s attachment to a political party based on issues, ideology, past experience, or upbringing, which tends to be a reliable indicator of likely voting choices

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Linkage Institutions

Groups in society that connect people to the government and facilitate turning the people’s concerns into political issues on the government’s policy agenda.

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Political Parties

Organized groups that may include office holders, candidates, activists, and voters who pursue their common interests by gaining and exercising power through the electoral process

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Interest Groups

Collections of people or organizations that try to influence public policy

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Party Platforms

A list of goals outlining a party’s positions on issues and political priorities.

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Candidate Centered Campaigns

Politics that focus on the candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

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Critical Election

An election that leads to a major party realignment. A number of key supporters of one party (for example, southern white voters) switch to the other party.

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Proportional System

A voting system that apportions legislative seats according to the percentage of the votes won by a particular political party

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Winner-take-all Voting Districts

An electoral system in which the party that receives more votes than any other party wins the election

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Lobbying

The activities of a group or organization that seek to persuade political leaders to support the group’s position.

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Party Coalitions

an alliance for combined action, especially a temporary alliance of political parties forming a government or of states.

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Free Riders

Potential members fail to join a group because they can get the benefit, or collective good, sought by a group without contributing the effort

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Single-issue Groups

An interest group devoted to one particular issue rather than a larger category of interests

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Political Realignment

the movement of voters from one political party to another resulting in a major shift in the political spectrum

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Voting Constituencies

The individuals who live within the geographical area represented by an elected official

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Incumbency Advantage

The tendency of incumbents (officials already holding a political office) to win reelection

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Open Primary

A primary election that is not limited to registered party members

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Closed Primary

A primary election limited to registered members of a political party

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Caucus

A meeting in a voting precinct at which party members choose nominees for political office after hours of speeches and debates

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Party Convention

A meeting of delegates from one political party to vote on policy and select party candidates for public office

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General Election

An election that decides which candidate will fill an elective office

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Electoral College

The group of electors chosen by each state to formally vote for the next US president based on the result of voting in the state

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Popular Vote

The total or percentage of votes won by each candidate.

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Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002

Also known as the McCain-Feingold Act. Banned soft money and reduced attack ads.

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Soft Money

Money spent in support of a candidate without directly donating to their campaign, such as paying for ads or campaign events, or giving to the candidate’s party.

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Political Action Committee (PAC)

Officially recognized fundraising organization that represents interest groups and is allowed by federal law to make contributions directly to candidates’ campaigns

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Investigative Journalism

Deep, original investigation on a specific topic, often conducted over a long period of time and sometimes involving the exposure of secret information.

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Political Commentary

offers opinions on political issues, building arguments on evidence and assumptions

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Horse Race Journalism

Journalism that focuses on -who is winning or ahead in the polls rather than on candidates' policy agenda or debates.

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Media Bias

Bias or slant in the selection of which news to report and how the news is reported