III. Thinking, Intelligence, and Language (Chapter 8)

What does Artificial Intelligence (AI) refer to?

Machines mimicking human cognitive processes.

Define Cognition in psychology.

How information is processed and manipulated when remembering, thinking, and knowing.

What is Cognitive Psychology?

The study of consciousness that focuses on mental processes like intelligence, language, thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

What are concepts in the context of thinking?

Mental categories used to group objects, events, characteristics, or ideas.

What is a prototype?

The best example of a concept.

What are the steps in problem-solving?

1. Find the frame and problem; 2. Develop good problem-solving strategies (subgoals, algorithms); 3. Evaluate solutions; 4. Rethink & redefine problems and solutions over time.

What is fixation in problem-solving?

Inability to see the problem from a new perspective.

Define Functional Fixedness.

Inability to see alternative uses for an object, neglecting unusual usages.

What distinguishes Inductive from Deductive reasoning?

Inductive reasoning generalizes from specific data to general conclusions, while Deductive reasoning derives specific conclusions from a general premise.

What is an example of Inductive reasoning?

Most of the men in Bill's family live past 90 years old; therefore, Bill will likely live a long life.

What is an example of Deductive reasoning?

All apples are fruit. The Fuji is a type of apple. Therefore, the Fuji is a fruit.

What are heuristics in problem-solving?

Mental shortcuts for problem-solving.

What is the difference between an Algorithm and Heuristic?

An Algorithm is a methodical procedure that guarantees a solution, while a Heuristic is a mental shortcut.

Define Availability Heuristic.

Judging the likelihood of events based on memory availability.

What is the Representativeness Heuristic?

Judging likelihood based on how similar something is to a prototype.

What is Confirmation Bias?

Seeking information that confirms one’s beliefs.

What is Loss Aversion?

The tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring gains.

What is Hindsight Bias?

The false belief that one could have predicted the outcome of a decision after the fact.

How is intelligence defined in psychology?

Learning from experience, solving problems, and using knowledge to adapt to new situations.

What is the difference between Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence?

Crystallized intelligence is accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, while Fluid intelligence is the ability to reason and solve novel logic problems.

Define Reliability in the context of intelligence testing.

Consistency of test results.

What does Validity refer to in intelligence tests?

How well a test measures what it intends to.

What is Standardization in psychological testing?

The process that allows an individual's performance on a psychological test to be compared to a reference group.

What is the Normal Curve?

A symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.

Define the Flynn Effect.

The rise in IQ scores over time that requires re-standardization.

What characterizes Giftedness?

Refers to individuals with exceptionally high intellectual abilities, typically IQ scores above 130.

What is Intellectual Disability?

Characterized by significantly below-average intellectual functioning and limitations in adaptive behavior, typically an IQ score below 70 occurring before age 18.

What are the Basic Properties of language?

Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics.

What is Whorf’s Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis?

The concept that language shapes thought.

What are Language Universals according to Chomsky?

The idea that all humans share an innate ability to acquire language.

What influences language acquisition?

Social and cultural factors.