Axial, Appendicular, and Articulations

What is an articulation?

site where two or more bones meet (joint)

What is a synovial joint?

a joint with a synovial capsule and end of bones covered with articular cartilage

Structures found in a synovial joint

1. Articular cartilage

\-reduces friction during movement


2. Synovial fluid

\-lubricates, distributes nutrients, shock absorption


3. Cartilage and fat pads

\-meniscus


4. Ligaments
5. Tendons
6. Bursae
7. Joint capsule

Which ligament limits anterior & posterior movements of the knee?

ACL & PCL

Which ligaments tighten only at full extension?

ACL

What is the purpose of the meniscus?

\-cushions

\-conform to shape of changing femur position

\-lateral stability

What type of joint is the knee?

Hinge Joint

How would you classify the knee?

single joint cavity w/ 3 separate joints

\-hinge joint

\-flexion, extension, some rotation

What types of movements does the knee allow?

flexion, extension, some rotation

Sprain

stretching or tearing of ligaments

Strain

stretching or tearing tendons

Bursitis

inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction

Bunion

swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa

Dislocation (luxation)

the total displacement of a bone from its joint

Subluxation

partial dislocation of a joint

What are the differences in structure and function of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?

\-Cervical vertebrae only have transverse foramen (don't carry a lot of weight)

\-Thoracic vetebrae decreased size (sites for rib articulation)

\-Lumbar vertebrae largest body (carry majority weight)

Normal curvatures of the spine. Which are considered primary because they appear during fetal development and which are considered secondary because they appear as the baby bears weight?

1. Primary Curves (accomodation)

\-thoracic/sacral

\-formed as fetus is growing


2. Secondary Curves (compensation)

\-lumbar/cervical

\-develop as baby supports own weight

Abnormal curvatures of the spine

kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis

What structures does the thoracic cage protect?

Organs (lungs/heart)

What are the differences between true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs?

\-True ribs directly connect to sternum

\-False ribs connect to cartilage then sternum

\-Floating ribs don't connect to sternum

Improper CPR administration could fracture which bones?

ribs, sternum

Sinus Cavities

air-filled spaces named maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal

\-make bone lighter/produce mucus to moisten & clean the air

What is a sinus infection?

bacterial infection in the facial sinuses.

Functions of the fontanelles

allow the brain to grow, convert to bone within 24 months after birth

What happens to the fontanelles as we age?

They become fused and eventually close after becoming bone

What clue could the fontanelles give about the age of a skeleton?

Whether the fontanelles are closed or not

What is a deviated septum?

When the septum of the nose is not completely straight and it deviates to one side or the other

Which bone is the keystone bone and why?

Sphenoid bone, articulates w/ all other cranial bones

What is the relationship of the temporal bone and the ear?

Temporal bone surrounds both middle and inner portions of the ear

What is a cleft palate?

malformation resulting in an opening in the hard palate, soft palate or both. failure of fusing

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

clavicle and scapula

Why would a broken clavicle affect the mobility of the scapula and humerus?

The clavicle keeps the scapula in proper position. Fracturing would result in scapula hunching forward, reducing mobility

What are some articulations of the pectoral girdle?

humerus

What is the most common site of fractures in the humerus?

Middle

What function does the coronoid process and the olecranon fossa serve in terms of elbow movement?

They form the trochlear notch which holds the trochlea, forming the hinge joint of the elbow, allowing it to move

Describe the anatomical position of the radius and ulna.

Radius is lateral to body, ulna is medial to body, distal to humerus

Explain the differences between the thumb and the other phalanges.

Thumb has two joints/two digits

\-Other phalanges have 3

If you need to measure the length of the humerus what are some bony landmarks you would feel under the skin?

Head, deltoid tuberosity

What bones make up the arm and the forearm?

humerus, ulna, radius

Differences between the male and female pelvis

\-The female inlet is larger & more circular

\-pelvis as a whole is shallower

\-bones are lighter and thinner

\-ilia flares more laterally

\-sacru is shorter and less curved

\-outlet is larger

\-pubic arch is more rounded (needed for childbirth)

Why are bones of the pelvis more massive in size than bones of the pectoral region?

Hold more weight

What part of the pelvis bears weight while you are seated?

Ischium

What are the three regions of the os coxae

ilium, ichium, pubis

Which bones bear weight and describe how these bones are designed to bear weight?

Tibia, calcaneus, tarsal, lumbar spine

\-thicker and more dense

The fibula does not bear weight but when it is fractured walking becomes difficult. Why?

It is a site for muscle attachment & moves the foot

Which bone transmits the weight of the body from the tiba towards the toes?

talus

Which bone serves as the site for major muscles of the lower limbs?

Tibia

Pott's Fracture

fracture of the fibula, with injury of the tibial articulation, both bones are fractured

Name two joints associated with the femur and describe the movement

Hip joint & knee joint

If you need to measure the length of your tibia and femur what bony landmarks would use to make the measurements?

Ankle to knee joint

Which bony marking is only seen in the femur?

Trochanter

What are some processes associated with ligament/tendon attachment?

What are some processes associated with articulations?

What are some openings? Describe the difference between the obturator foramen and the magnum foramen.

Obturator & magnum

\-magnum located in the skull

\-obturator located in pelvic girdle

Patellar Ligament

\-attaches patella bone , keeps patella in alignment

\-extends knee

\-anterior surface

Popliteal Ligaments

reinforces posterior knee

tibial (medial) collateral ligament (MCL) & fibular (lateral) collateral ligament (LCL)

\-reinforce medial & lateral surfaces

\-tighten at full extension/stabilize joint

\-prevents lateral & medial rotation when knee is extended

ACL

\-stabilizes joint

\-limits hyperextension

\-lax when knee is flexed

\-taut when extended

PCL

\-stabilizes joint

\-prevents backward displacement of knee

ACL & PCL

\-limits anterior & posterior movement

\-maintains alignment of femur & tibia

\-named for how they cross

Medial/Lateral Condyles (Femur)

forms knee joint w/ tibia

Hamstring Muscles

knee flexion

Quadriceps Muscles

knee extension

Why do women suffer more ACL tears?

\-smaller intercondylar notch & ACL

\-wider pelvis

\-lax ligaments

\-flat-footed landings

\-running upright

\-quad dominance

Gliding Joint

\-slightly nonaxial or multiaxial

\-acromioclavicular joints

\-clavicular sternal joints

\-sacroiliac joints

Ball and Socket Joint

\-triaxial

\-shoulder

\-hip

Hinge Joint

\-monoaxial

\-elbow

\-knee

\-ankle

\-phalanges

Monoaxial

movement in only axis

Biaxial

movement along two axes (no rotation)

Triaxial

permits angular movement & rotation

Cranium

the portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain

\-8 total bones

\-4 unpaired/2 paired

Facial Bones

bones of the face, protect sensory organs, provide facial structures

\-14 total bones

\-2 unpaired/6 paired

Cranial Structures

immovable joints

Fontanelles

soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn

\-intramembranous ossification hasn't finished

Frontal Bone

forehead

Supraorbital Foramen of Frontal Bone

passageway for blood vessels to the eye, eyebrows, eyelids, frontal sinuses

\-sometimes incomplete (supraorbital notch)

Parietal Bone

either of two skull bones between the frontal and occipital bones and forming the top and sides of the cranium

Occipital Bone

back of head

Foramen Magnum of Occipital Bone

opening for the brain stem

Occipital Condyle of Occipital Bone

paired, oval-shaped bony knobs located on the inferior skull, on either side of the foramen magnum; articulates with the first cervical vertebra

Occipital Crest

attachment site for ligaments

Jugular Foramen of Occipital Bone

hole between occipital and temporal bone, opening for jugular vein

Temporal Bone

bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial activity.

External Auditory Canal of Temporal Bone

location of the tympanic membrane (ear drum)

Internal Auditory Canal of Temporal Bone

passageway for blood vessels/nerves for the ear

Mastoid Process of Temporal Bone

site of muscle attachments that rotate or extend the head

Zygomatic Process of Temporal Bone

form zygomatic arch w/ zygomatic bone (cheekbone)

Styloid Process of Temporal Bone

attachment site for hyoid bone & muscles associated w/ the throat

Mandibular Fossa of Temporal Bone

inferior surface, articulates w/ mandible

Jugular Foramen of Temporal Bone

passage for jugular vein

Carotid Canal of Temporal Bone

passage for carotid artery

Petrous Portion of Temporal Bone

encloses structures of inner ear

Sphenoid Bone

forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit

Sella Turcica of Sphenoid Bone

site of pituitary gland

Optical Canal of Sphenoid Bone

passageway for optic nerves from the eyes to the brain

Superior Orbital Fissure of Sphenoid Bone

passageway for blood vessels & nerves to the eye, face, jaw

Body of Sphenoid Bone

middle area

Ethmoid Bone

forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit, and the floor of the cranium

Cribriform Plate of Ethmoid Bone

flattened area, site of olfactory foramina

Crista Galli of Ethmoid Bone

bony ridge, attachment point for brain coverings