Studied by 6 people
how to agriculture develop from producing it just for local use
latifundia began to mass produce agriculture for exporting and trade
did all region export the same things
no every region in the empire produced something different
what was italy known for exporting, and where was it made
pottery and metallurgy, this was made in large factories that helped employ thousands of people
how was the mediteranean preotected from pirates
roman military and naval powers gaurded it so cargo could be traded
what was the book written on trade in the red sea and what was it about
Periplus maris erythraei (meaning a “sailing itinerary of the Red Sea”) it depicted trade with africa and india through the red sea
how was wealth gained in rome during the time of the republic
military expansion allowed them to collect more taxes and trade allowed wealth to flow into rome
what was funded for after expansion in rome (art)
statues, pools, fountains, and arches to commemorate victories
what were public works founded by the roman government
plumbing/sewer systems, bathhouses, and aquaducts that were created with precision
how did romes population surge
large constructions projects employed hundred of thousnads of workers allowing rapid populaton growth and the attraction of migrants who often worked as servents or construction workers
how did rome provide entertainment
they hosted circuses, theaters, and gladiator performances in the colosuam
what was here largest circus
circus maximus (250,000)
what were the gladiator performances
battles to the death between humans and animals, the colusam could hold 10,000 and was so well built it cold be flooded and used for mock naval fights
what were the male head of families called
paterfamilias (father of the family)
what did paterfamilias have power to do
they could arrange marriages, chose their kids jobs, punish, sell, and execute them (most didnt)
what did women do
although not as powerful as men women helped run domestic and financial affairs and helped influence her family, romans had laws that said women could not gain inherticance but a lot of them evaded the law
as rome grew what happened to wealth in society
there was a large gap between rich and poor and their was a big poverty problem
what happened as poverty inceased
poor people rioted asking for a change in policy but authorities didnt listen and tried to keep them happy with bread and public performences (roman poet described it as “bread and circuses”)
how much of the population did slavery make up
1/3
how did rural slaves differ from slaves in the city
rural slaves lived in harsh coditions and were often chained together, city slaves had less difficult jobs such as servants and craftsmen
who was spartacus
he was a rural slave who assembled an army of thousands of slaves, eventually defesated by thousands of roman troops
Who was epicitus
he was an anatolian urban slave who became a pominent stoic philospher and lectured to high ranked officials
what did masters have the right to do to their slaves
they had the right to sell them, arrange their family affairs, punish them, and even execute them, most masters set their slaves free at the age of 30
what were the main roman deities
a collection of deities who repersented different things and looked over romans
what were the deities called who looked over specific househols
tutelary deities
what was the most prominant school of thought that the romans adapted from the greeks
stoicism
what was stoicism about
Recognizing that they lived in a large and interdependent world, they sought to identify a set of moral standards based on nature/reason that would become ethical codes
who was Marcus Tullius Cicero
he adopted stoic values, lived in greece, often wrote about how he thought people should live in accordance to nature and should not accumulate wealth or unjustfully try and become powerful
who took part in religions of salvations and what did they provide
both educated and non-educated took part in the religion to try and have a sense of purpose and a glorius experience after death
how did the religions of salvation spread
they began flourishing in rome and then spread through the mediteranean
what was mithraism
a male only religous cult dedicated to the Persian deity Mithras
who was mithras to the perians vs the romans
Zoroastrian mythology, Mithras was a god closely identified with the sun and light the romans associated with strength and courage allowing it to become ery popular to roman armies, mithraic temples appeared near military settlements
what was the salvation for worshiping mithra
by observing and attending cult teachings people thought they would recieve union with mithra in the after life
what was the cult of isis
dedicated to the Anatolian mother goddess Cybele, the Egyptian goddess Isis, and other deities made a place for both men and women, this cult may have been the most popular religion before christianity
what was the salvation hoped to recieve in the cult of isis
by praying to isis’s godesses in temples cult member hoped for a peaceful after life
what happened after the fall of the jewish kingdoms
the Jewish people maintained their faith and their communities under various imperial regimes
what did emporers do to encourage loyalty
empires often created state cults that honored their emperors as gods
how was this a problem for jews
most jews were strictly monotheistic and recognized only their god, Yahweh, some even declined to pay taxes to regimes that required subjects to revere their emperors
what happened after the jews expressed their concerns
Jews in Palestine tried rebelling against Seleucids and Romans, but the resistance failed, and Roman forces decisively defeated the rebels during the Jewish War
Who were the essenes
they were a sect that had strict moral code and participated in rituals and baptisms designed to reinforce a sense of community
how were the essenes beliefs uncovered
shepherds accidentally discovered some Essene writings known as the Dead Sea scrolls
what were the 2 groups of jews
Zealots – wanted to drive Romans out of Judea
Apocalyptics – believed a Messiah, or “the Christ,” was coming to destroy the Romans and save the Jews
who was jesus of Nazerath
he was a Jewish teacher whom christians recognized as their savior and formed their relgion around, he attracted large crowds becuase of his teachings and ability to heal the sick
why was jesus a threat to the romans and what did the romans do
he often taight that “the kingdom of God is at hand” which was refering to a spiritual realm but the romans took it as a threat and crussified him
who were jesus’ early followers
they were all jews, but often sought out to recruit non-jewish communities
after his death what did jesus’ early followers call him
they felt his presence and said that he rose from the dead, they called him christ (the anointed one)
what did people teach about jesus
they said he was the son of god, they said that his sacrifice would relieve peoples sins and if they were faithful to him they would go to the kingdom of god
what were the codes and writings taught to cristians and what were they called
they had a demanding moral code they had to observe, they also had a collection of writings resembling jesus’ life and christian teachings, the new testament
what was the old testament
Jews’ Hebrew scriptures
what was the book called that was a combinantion of the new and old testament
the holy book of christianity
who was Paul of Tarsus
a Jew from Anatolia who preached his faith, especially in the Greek-speaking region of the Roman empire, he taught a Christianity that attracted the urban masses since it provided a meaning for peoples lives and promised an existance after death
how did paul spread christianity and how did he die
he traveled through the mediteranean, when he went from palestine to rome where he promoted christianity for 2 years until he was put on trial and executed
was their a central source for chirstianity
no, christianity was spread around the mediteranean and there were individual communities with bishops who oversaw priests however it began in Jerusalem
what did ealry christians do to express tehir understaning of the religion
they created a number of writings
what did church authorities do to these writings
they supressed them and called them heretical, however many of them were able to survive
why did romans try and persecute christians and what happened
they did not want to honor emporers as their gods, however this just made christianities numebers grow faster
who was allowed to join christianity
anyone, christianity taight an equality of sexes and often appealed to lower classes as well
Trajan
forbids hunting down Christians
Diocletian
Roman Empire struggles under his rule, He thinks the Roman gods are punishing them, so he increases persecution of Christians.
Constantine
issued “Edict of Milan” which legalizes Christianity. Makes Church tax-free.
Theodosius
made Christianity official religion of the Roman Empire. Allows Church to have its own “canon law”.
Note
Flashcard