Political Rev. of 1800s

Conservatism

A political philosophy that favors obedience to political authority, organized religion, and the community over the individual, and is against revolution and civil liberties.

Edmund Burke

A philosopher who traced the origins of conservatism, believed society was a contract and advised against violent overthrow of government.

Liberalism

A political ideology tracing its origins to John Locke, supporting constitutional guarantees of personal liberty and free trade.

Utilitarianism

A moral philosophy associated with Jeremy Bentham, advocating for policies that produce the greatest good for the greatest number.

Economic Liberalism

An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in the economy, particularly in relation to supply and demand.

Malthusian Theory

The theory that misery and poverty are inevitable results of population growth outpacing agricultural production, without government interference.

Political Liberalism

A political philosophy emphasizing the protection of civil liberties, equality before the law, and freedoms such as speech, assembly, and press.

Socialism

A political and economic system aiming to introduce equality to social conditions and advocate for human cooperation over competition.

Utopian Socialists

Socialists who criticized the industrial revolution for dividing social classes and opposed private property and capitalist competition.

Communism

A political ideology aimed at replacing private property with communal ownership and advocating for the dictatorship of the proletariat.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Philosophers who authored the Communist Manifesto which called for the downfall of the bourgeoisie and establishment of a classless society.

The Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet declaring that the history of society is the history of class struggles and predicting a proletarian revolution.

Revolutions of 1848

A series of political upheavals across Europe that included demands for national independence and social reform.

Nationalist Revolution in Italy

The movement during the 1848 revolutions where regions like Milan and Venice sought independence from Austrian rule amidst class divisions.