Caton Bao Chapter 13: Gastroenterology

What is the alimentary canal?

Digestive system

What are the two types of glands in the body?

Endocrine and exocrine

Endocrine glands

Secretes hormones into the blood stream

Exocrine glands

Secrets hormones into ducts [tubes in the body]

What are the accessory exocrine glands of the digestive system?

THe secrete enzymes and other substances into the alimentary canal ( Digestive canal).

What is special about the pancreas??

Only organ that is both endocrine and exocrine.

Ingestion

Eating

Digestion

breaking it down

Absoption

Absorbing the nutrients

Egestion

poop

What are food residues?

cellulose

What are the four major types of organic compounds??

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic acids.

What are the divisions of the alimentary canal?

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Anus

What is fauces?

Holes in the back of mouth

What is the superior labial frenulum?

top lip

What is the inferior labial frenulum?

bottom lip

What are the thhree parts of the tooth?

Crown, Neck, Root

What is enamel?

Covers the crown.

What are the two parts of the crown?

Anatomical crown and clinical crown

Anatomical corwn

the superior portion for the tooth that is covered by enamel.

Clinical crown

That portion of the anatomical crown visible above the gingiva.

What is a root canal?

infection of pulp cavity

What is the occlusal surface of the crown?

The portion of the crown that contacts opposing teeth,

WHat are cusps?

the elevations present on the occlusal surface.

Incisors

Chisel shaped teeth used for biting.

Canines

Pointed teeth used for tearing.

Premolars

broad teeth used for grinding

Molars

broad teeth used for grinding and crushing.

What are deciduous teeth?

baby teeth

What do baby teeth come in?

6 months after they are born

How many total baby teeth are there?

20 teeth

When do baby teeth fall out?

6 years of age.

How many total adult teeth?

32 adult teeth

WHat material are the teeth made up of?

Calcium phosphate

What is the pulp cavity?

consists of highly vascularized loose connective tissues, contains many sensory nerve fibers. Teeth are innervated by maxillary and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve and the distal portion of the pulp cavity is called the root canal.

What are dental caries?

Cavity

What is gingivitis?

Inflammation of the gums.

What is pyorrhea?

Infection of the tooth socket.

What is an impacted wisdom tooth?

Wisdom tooth comes in at an angle.

What is mastication?

Chewing

What is deglutition?

swollow

What are the chemoreceptors on the tongue?

chemical receptors.

What are the three types of tonsils?

palatine, lingual and pharyngeal

What are adenoids?

enlarged pharyngeal tonsils.

What type of tissue is inside the tonsisl

lymphocytes and macrophages.

What immunoglobins?

inactivate foreign substances.

What is tonsillitis?

it is the inflammation of the tonsils.

What is a tonsillectomy?

it is the surgical removal of the tonsils.

What are the parotid salivary glands??

located just in the front and below the ears.

What are mumps?

inflamed parotid glands.

What is the function of saliva?

chemically break down food.

What are the two parts of the palate?

anterior hard palate and posterior soft palate.

What is the pharynx?

throat

What is the oropharynx?

throat of mouth.

Where is the laryngopharynx?

extends from the hyoid bone down to the level of the esophagus.

What is a bolus?

ball of food

What is the function of the epiglottis??

bends down to prevent food from entering the laryngeal aperture.

What is the esphagus?

10 in long muscular tube that extends from the laryngopharynx down to the stomach.

What is peristalsis?

unidirectional wave like smooth muscle contractions moving down.

Where is the stomach located??

in the left upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity.

What is acid reflux?

heart burn

What are the three parts of the stomach?

Fundus of stomach, body of stomach, plorus

What is the gastroesophageal sphincter?

it is the cardiac valve.

Whaat is the pyoric sphincter?

it is a valve.

Greater curvature of the stomach

larger curve of the stomach.

Lesser curvature of the stomach

smal curve of stomach

What are the functions of the greater omentum??

cushions underlying viscera, protects underlying viscera from the spread of infections, stores fat.

What is gastric rugae?

ridges

What is chyme?

stomach functions to churn mix and hold the partially digested food

Where is hydrochloric acid created?

parietal cells.

Where did pepsinogen created?

principal cells.

What does pepsin do??

breaks down proteins.

What substnacces are normally asoorbed through the stomach?

H20, monosaccharides, alcohol, aspirin.

What is gastric ulcer?

sores

What are gastric ulcer caused by?

irritation of stomach.

What is flatulence?

‘gas’ carbonated drinks and swallowing too much air.

What is pyloric stenosis?

constriction of the pyloric.