MATERIALS part 4

Pottery

One of the most ancient arts. Artifacts made of heated earth or earthware

Keramos

Comes from the Greek word meaning "Potter's Clay"

Jomon Culture

1st fired earth vessels. (12,000 years ago) Natural color of clay is maintained and then is glazed

Clay State

Or Greenware. The state wherein the ware is formed but hasn't undergone firing. Very brittle - handled with care

Sanded off to achieve a smooth finish

Biscuit State

Also Known as Bisque. Means half-baked. Ware has gone a preliminary low-range firing. Under-glazed colors, red, white, or brown, are applied

Glazed state

Ware has been covered in glaze and will undergo second firing

Glaze

Mixture of silica, clay, melting agent, water, colorants, and a suspension agent. Glaze will turn glass0like and merge with the vitreous clay when fired

Alkaline glazes

Silica + Soda. Shiny and transparent glaze

Lead Glazes

Sand + Sulfide or Lead Oxide glaze

Tin Glazes

Opaque and white glaze. Introduce by Islamic Potters

Earthenware

Soft pottery; oldest kind. Porous and opaque; tends to chip and break

900-1200 deg Celsius

1652-2192 deg Fahrenheit

Porcelain

Chinese invention ; Hardest among the Three classifications of Pottery. Feldspathic material in a fusible state is incorporated in a stoneware composition. Kaolin base + decayed granite fired at high temperatures

1281-1400 deg Celsius

2336-2552 deg Fahrenheit

Stoneware

Body is extremely hard and impermeable to water. Available in dull or glazed forms. Made by the Chinese and was known in Europe after the Renaissance

1200-1280 deg Celsius

2191-2336 deg Fahrenheit

Hard Porcelain

Best kind of porcelain. also known as True porcelain. Made of Kaolin. The feldspathic glaze is fired with the body which resulted in a perfect surface.

2390-2570 deg Fahrenheit

Soft Porcelain

Fired below 2300°F. More translucent and not as white as true porcelain

Bone China

White hard translucent ceramic ware invented by English potters in Mid-18th century

2760 deg Fahrenheit, First firing

2475 deg Fahrenheit, Second FIring

Slip

A thick and creamy mixture of clay and water used to join clay parts together or to decorate the surface. It is applied before firing, when the clay is still wet.

Slip ware

Ware that has been dipped in slip

Lithographed

Image areas or non-image areas are treated to accept or repel ink

Sgrafitto

Designs that are drawn with a pointed tool that scratched through the slip to reveal the body

Decalcomania

The art of transferring designs from specially prepared paper to a wood, glass or metal surface

Egyptian ceramics

Used in rituals and geared towards burial ceremonies; canopic jars

Black Figure ware

Egyptian pottery with black design of red background

Red Figure ware

Egyptian pottery with red design of black background

White ground ware

Egyptian pottery with white background

Italian ceramics

First recognized school of art for pottery

Majolica ware

Moorish tin-glazed earthenware from Majorca, Spain

Istoriato

Rich decorative style used as a story telling medium

Bianchi di Faenza

Lightly decorated white wares made in Faenza

Passeri

Italian antiquary of distinction. He recorded the art of pottery making in Italy because he affix the dates on his works

Luca Della Robbia

Goldsmith and sculptor was born in the city of Florence, in 1400. Used stanniferous enamel

Stanniferous Enamel

Hardest glaze during the 1400s

Giorgio Andreoli

Perfected the luster technique. Hired to embellish the work of other workshops. He often signs the pieces even if it is not his works

Francesco de Medici

Grand duke of Tuscany who produced an inferior type of soft-paste porcelain in the 16th century.

Medici Porcelain

only 19 out 60 exist. Has holes

Francesco Vezzi

Established a porcelain factory in Venice. Only last 7 years. Produced hard-paste porcelain decorated in Chinoiserie style

Doccia Factory

Founded in Doccia, near Florence in 1737. Admirable imitation of Majolica and reproduction of the bas reliefs of Lucca Della Robbia in porcelain

6 pointed star

The principal. mark of Doccia ware. Finer specimens are in gold

Charles III's Porcelain Manufactory

At Capo di Monte. Constructed the pieces with his hands

Capo di Monte

Soft-Paste Porcelain Body. Pronounced creamy color and a glossy clear glaze. Medium suited for undecorated porcelain sculpture

Commedia dell'arte

Type of improvisational street theatre. Became a design in porcelain

Pulcinella

Principal character identifiable by a loose tunic, tall conical hat and black mask with a prominent hook nose

Dutch ceramics

Soft-bodied earthenware fired at a relatively low temperature covered with a tin-based white glaze like Majolica. Early designs imitated Chinese decorations but later on adapted native Dutch scenes such as windmills and fishing boats

Delft Blue Ceramics

Dutch blue and white style

Delft Polychrome

Multi-colored Delft ceramics

Royal Delft

Queen of netherlands gave permission to use the honorary title De Koninklijke Porceleyne Fles

Peasant Delft

Very broad style of painting and was mass-produced. The use of wood for firing resulted to uneven surface

Deftblue daybreak

Most widely used design and applied to 17 planes

Amstel Porcelain

Fine white body with landscape decor. it was discontinued. Amsterdam, Holland

Hague Porcelain

Made of hard-paste blue-de'roi or royal blue decore with rich gilding. Only 10 years in operation

French Ceramics

Italian potters brought with them the art of Majolica. Gained protection by royal houses. Clay found in France is more durable and beautiful compared to that found in Italy

Faience

Tin-enamled earthenwares coming from Faenza, ITaly

Faience de Oiron

Or Henri II Ware. Wares that are unobtainable. Very rare

Terre De Pipe

A favorite earth in French pottery - its pure whiteness and fineness - perfecting the French styles of decoration.

Bernard PAlissy

Succeeded in producing a widely imitated pottery, admired for smooth glazes in richly colored enamels.

He was appointed as royal potter to Catherine de Medici reproducing scriptural and mythological subject in low relief and for his rustic pieces decorated with sharply modeled forms copied from nature.

Palissy Ware

Was admired for smooth glazes in rich colored enamels. Modeled forms copied from nature-notably reptiles, insects and plants

Catherine de Medici

Hired Palissy to be her royal potter

Rouen Faience Factory

Owned by Poterat Family. Made the earliest examples of soft-paste examples of soft-paste porcelain with a bluish glaze in France

Sant-Cloud Faience Factory

Experienced with making soft-paste porcelain. First productions imitated Chinese white and blue porcelain

Louis Henry the Duc De Bourbon

Established a soft-paste procelain factory on the grounds of his Chateau Chantily

Chantilly factory

Heavily influenced by Japanese porcelain

Factory of Mennecy

Founded by Francois Barbin in the town of Villeroy. Despite patronage they produced utilitarian ware

Vincennes Factory

Louis XV patronized and provided financial backing to the factory and later on purchased the factory and moved it to Sevres

Louis XV

Purchased the First dinner service produced by the Vincennes Factory

Sevres Factory

Floruished because of its constant innovation. Sets standards for European porcelain production

Limoges Region

Where the first hard paste porcelain was made. Made the finest, purest, white porcelain in the world

Pate Pure

Hard paste

Pate Tendre

Soft paste

German Ceramics

Salt-glazed. Common salt or alkali is thrown into the kiln and soda from the salt creates a glassy layer on the pot's surface.

Hafner Ware

Lead-glazed earthenware imitating metal jugs and tankards.

Bottger Stoneware

High-fired red stoneware.

Meissen Factory

Owned by Bottger. Produced a creamy white porcelain known as Bottger porcelain. 1st European manufactory of hard paste porcelain

Crossed Sword

Mark Marking of Meissen ceramics.

Dresden Ware

Ceramics produced by the Meissen Factory. Tureen with Cover or soup bowl.

Spanish Ceramics

Synthesis of near Eastern and European styles on tin-glazed and lustered earthenware. Heavily decorated with crude patterns in green-blue, yellow, white and lustreware.

Valencia

Chief center of industry.

Albarelli

Dishes painted with the armorial bearings of famous French and Italian families.

Alcora Valencia Factory

Founded by the Count of Aranda, 1726. Made fine0quality fayence and porcelain.

Hispano-Moresque Ware

Or luster earthenware. Wares with Arabic inscriptions, beautifuly executed arabesques and stylized animal forms with an indescribable sheen and iridescence.

Majolica

Term applied to tin glazed and enameled earthenware. Consists of glazed floor and wall tiles with flower and abstract motifs. Fusion of Renaissance and Moorish motifs.

Azulejos

Produced in Catalonia. Painted with groups of people engages in sports, amusements, dancing or drinking associated with Don Quixote. Wall tiles with a bluish hue

Buen Retiro or El Retiro

Counterpart of the Capo di Monte factory of Italy. Soft paste delicate white and translucent ware. Has a delicate and thin technically perfect body.

Bow Factory

Where the history of English porcelain began. Founded at Stratford le-Bow, East London. 1st soft-paste porcelain in England was made from white clay brought from North Carolina.

Rockingham Factory

Where the history of English porcelain ended.

Bristol Ware

Milk white with a cool glittering glaze. Hard and durable and decorated in the Chinese manner

Bristol Factory

Owned by Richard Champion. Imitated Dresden and Chinese ware but technical shortcomings lead to warping and fire cracks. Lasted for 12 years.

Bristol China

Rare and ranked finest ever made in England.

Bow Ware

Remarkably soft and delicate style of flower painting. Blue and white ware painted in under-glaze blue.

Staffordshire Ware

Identifiable from border designs of sea shells and mosses, roses and scrolls, acorns and oak leaves, grapes and vines or birds and flowers.

Yangshao Ware

Fired at 1000-1500 degrees Celsius. Beautifully excavated pottery in Yangshao Village, northwest Hunan province. Used geometric patterns and the art of painting designs with a brush.

Lungshan

Black lacquer and eggshell thin pottery. Named after Lunghsan, Shatung province. Undecorated and metallic in form.

Shang Dynasty

Use of ceramic molds for bronze casting. Made of high-quality gray clay decorated with impressed cords or incised geometric patterns.

Chou Dynasty

Utilitarian pottery. Made of hard grey clay with no glaze on its surface. Ornamented with lozenge-shaped patterns.

Qin Dynasty

Discovery of the Terra Cotta Army of Shihuangdi, 8th wonder of the world

Han Dynasty

Glazed pottery fired at a low degree. Ceramics included earthenware mortuary vessels and glazed wares.

Brown or Green Lead Glaze

Used in burial jars and censers.

Zhucui

Legendary bird guarding the west.

Yueh Ware

Or Green ware. Celadon glazed stoneware with a fine hard stoneware coated thinly with clive-brown glaze.

Sancai

Three-colored glazes with a lead-silicate base.

Wan li

5 color ware. Underglaze of blue, green, yellow, eggplant purple and iron red.