battle of hastings

What was the significance of Edward the Confessor's lack of a clear successor during his reign?

Edward used the absence of a clear successor as a bargaining tool.

Who did Edward likely designate as his heir in 1051?

William, a cousin of Edward the Confessor.

What happened after Godwine's death in 1053?

His son Harold became earl of Wessex and consolidated his power.

What oath did Harold allegedly swear to William according to Norman accounts?

An oath of fealty to support William's claim to the English throne.

What decision did Edward the Confessor make on his deathbed regarding the throne?

He granted the kingdom to Harold.

What was William preparing to do after gaining support from Pope Alexander II and others?

To enforce his claim to the English crown.

How did Harold respond to the threat from Tostig and other invaders?

He mobilized his fleet and army to repel Tostig's raids.

What event occurred on September 25, 1066, involving King Harold?

Harold surprised and defeated the invading forces at Stamford Bridge.

When did William land in England, and where did he disembark?

William landed unopposed on September 27, 1066, at Pevensey.

What major battle took place on October 14, and who were the opposing leaders?

The Battle of Hastings, between William and Harold.

How was William's army organized for the battle against Harold?

Archers and crossbowmen in the front line, heavy infantry in the second, knights in the rear.

What formation did Harold's army use to defend their position?

The close 'shield wall' formation.

What was a significant disadvantage of Harold's army compared to William's?

Harold's army lacked archers and cavalry.