BIO1000

Name the figure

→ most important figure in ancient greek medicine

→sickness was not caused by higher powers…instead, natural causes

believed in humorism

→ 460-377BC

Hippocrates

name this figure

→130-200AD

→philosopher / physician

→studied the circulatory system

→ believed in 2 types of blood

.       →red (blood of life)

 .      →black (blood of evil)

→resulted in blood letting

Galen of pergamon

name the figure

→1632-1723

→first person to describe bacteria using a primitive microscope

Anthony Van Leevwenhoek

name the figure

→developed sterile techniques

. →heat sterilized tools

. →sprayed open wounds with phenol

Joseph Lister

name this figure

→early 1900s

→first person to accurately represent how human blood circulates through the body

William Harvey

label this diagram

RED-blood

wet

BLUE-phlem

cold

BLACK-black bile

dry

YELLOW-yellow bile

hot

Early medicine included treatments and “cures” such as (5)

prayer

preist blessings

penance

blood letting

potions & herbal remedies

life span and why (5) -roman times

33

→war

→disease

→corruption

→assassins

→water systems

life span and why-middle ages

28

→1/5 died of TB

→1/8 died giving birth

→1/4 birthed died in infancy

→1/2 patients undergoing surgery died

life span and why-turn of the century

49

→sanitation being used

59

→discovery of antibiotics

69

→vaccinations becoming available

79

→surgery and modern treatments

illness is usually a result of a combination of what factors

Genetic code

environmental influences

diet

lifestyle

stress and emotional response

List some diseases that have a genetic influence

→heart disease

→cancer

→diabetes

→parkinsons

→metabolic disorder

true or false- genes can affect how strongly your immune system reacts

true

genetic defects of the immune system usually involve what 2 cells

t cells

b cells

how long does starvation induced immunodeficiency take to affect you

48hrs

what lifestyle factors can affect immunity

→eating habits

→hygiene

→recreational habits

→activity and exercise 

→sleep

what can stress cause

a cardiovascular response such as effects on blood pressure and heart rate

what does the fist line of defense do

keeps the outside environment from your inside biological environment

what are the 3 things included in the first line of defense

skin

mucous membrane

bodily secretions

is the first line of defense innate?

yes

what does it mean to have an innate defense system

the system does not have specialization for what theu try to keep out or kill

what are the 3 layers of the skin

→epidermis

→dermis

→hypodermis

what are some things the skin can do

specialized nerve detection in areas that can

→transmit pain signals

→sense pressure

→feel temperature

→feel fine touch

what areas are lined with mucous membranes

→nasal passages

→lungs

→esophagus

→stomach

→vagina

is the second line of defense innate?

yes

what are the things that are used in the second line of defense and what is their purpose

→phagocytic cells-eat things

→natural killer cells-kill things

→inflammatory response

→fever

what is the stem cell order for the ones we talk about

→blood stem cells

.       →lymphoid stem cells

.           →B lymphocyte

.           →T lymphocyte

.           →natural killer cell

what do phagocytes do

→eats microbes and cellular debris

→some can travel through the body and some cannot

what are most phagocytes made of

WBC

what are pseudopodia

arm like extensions

sent to trap and surround pathogens

what are the types of phagocytes

→macrophages

→neutrophils

→natural killer cells

Travel- macrophage

cannot travel outside its specific tissue

travel-neutrophils

stays in the blood, therefore, can be transported to site of infection

travel-natural killer cells

travels to where its needed…canfind and kill cancer cells

what does the third line of defense use?

a learning process that can flag antigens and be used to determine if a cell is “self” or foreign

→uses B cells and T cells

B cells ________ and T cells ______

create antibodies

memorize and kill antibodies

how many L of fluid remains behind in the tissues (lymph)

3L

what vein is Lymph carried to

subclavian

what do lymphatic tissues and organs contain

lymphocytes and phagocytes

name the lymphatic organ

→filters lymph

→filled with macrophages and lymphocytes

lymph nodes

name the lymphatic organ

→filters blood

→destroys worn out blood cells

→stores blood in small capillaries

spleen

name the lymphatic organ

→produces hormones to program lymphocytes

→t cells are trained here

thymus

name the lymphatic organ

→trap and remove bacteria in crypts

→full of macrophages and lymphocytes

tonsils

name the lymphatic organ

→destroy pathogenic bacteria in the gut

appendix/ peyer’s patches

what is affected by aids

→T cells

→macrophages

→lymphocytes

are bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic microorganisms

prokaryotic

attributes of bacteria in comparison to eukaryotic microorganisms (8)

→ smaller

→ simpler internal structures

→ lack a true nucleus

→ lack mitochondria

→ lack membrane bound organelles

→ reproduce more rapidly

→have simpler morphology

→always unicellular

name the 8 cellular components of bacteria

flagellum

pilus

cytoplasm

organelles

ribosome

plasma membrane

cell wall

capsule

what is a flagellum

tail-like appendage that allows bacteria to swim

what is a pilus

thread-like appendage used in bacterial conjugation

what is the cytoplasm

gel-like interior that contains the organelles

what is a ribosome

organelle that makes proteins

what is the plasma membrane

membrane that contains the cytoplasm, separates the inside of the cell from the outside

what is the cell wall

layer outside the plasma membrane that provides structural support

what is the capsule

the protective outer layer of some bacteria

what is anaerobic bacteria

→ needs environments with low or zero O₂

→ like to live in a host

what is aerobic bacteria

→needs O₂ to live

→common in respiratory infections

how does bacteria asexually reproduce

by binary fission: begins by growing in size and replicating its DNA. It will then split into two halves of roughly equal sizes

how does bacteria sexually produce

conjugation: transfer of genetic material between 2 bacteria via the pilus. bacteria share shares its plasmid

explain Coccus/cocci bacteria

→ spherical

→ can be diplo (pair)

→ can be staphylo (cluster)

→can be strepto (chain)

explain the Bacillus bacteria

→ rod shaped

→can be diplo (pair)

→can be strepto (chain)

explain spirillum bacteria

→ looks like spiral worms

→ do not regularly form nice patterns or arrangements

who discovered antibiotics

Alexander Fleming

who was the first person to discover a virus and in what year

Walter Reed 1901

all viruses are made of what (3)

→ genetic material (DNA / RNA)

→ capsid

→ capsomere

what is a capsid

an outer protective protein shell that encloses the genome

what is a capsomere

building blocks used to make the capsid

what different structures can viruses have

→ helical (like a cylinder)

→ icosahedral (sphere)

→ complex (space ship)

when a virus decides it wants to attach to a host, what are its option sof entry

→ envelopment and entry

→ fusion with cell membrane

→ inject its DNA material into the host cell

what allows the release of Virus DNA

once inside the host cell, the capsid will dissolve

how does replication work for viruses

→ must use a host cells replication machinery to copy its DNA

→the virus hijacks the control of protein synthesis and forces the cell to start making proteins which will in turn create more viruses

what 2 ways can a virus exit a hosts cell

→ lytic cycle

→ Lysogenic cycle

explain the lytic cycle

→ virus uses the cells machinery to make new copies of itself

→ eventually there are so many new virus particles that the cell bursts (lysis)

explain lysogenic cycle

→ the virus inserts its genome into the hosts DNA

→ the viral DNA replicates with the hosts cells when it divides

→ because its part of the host, it can sometimes lay dormant and re-emerge when the tim eis right

→ from time to time, the virus will begin replicating (not using the host cell) and lysis will occur

what are the 3 types of vaccinations

→ inactive (whole dead pathogen)

→ attenuated (weakened version of the pathogen)

→ mRNA (teaches the body how to make antibodies againt the pathogen)

what is genetic drift

results when a small amount of Viral DNA / RNA gets replaced with something different

what is genetic shift

results when a large amount of the viral DNA / RNA gets replaces with something different (I.e. an entire strand of DNA is replaced)

what are 2 treatments for Viruses

→ interferon-interferes with a viruses ability to replicate by damaging its outer capsid protection

→ vaccination

what does it mean when we say fungus are heterotrophs

means they cannot create their own food. they get their nutrients by absorbing food from carbon containing materials

what are the components of a toadstool mushroom

→ gills

→cap / pileus

→annulus

→stipe / stalk

→micelial strands

what are the 2 types of parasites

→ obligate

→ facultative

what is an obligate parasite

totally dependant on ahost to complete its life cycle

→ ex. tape worm, lice, mosquito

what is a facultive parasite

can exist as a parasite if given th eoppertunity but can live and reproduce without a host

→ ex. amoebaes

what are the classificationsof parasites

→ protozoans

→ helminths (worms)

→ ectoparasites

what is a vector

a carrier devce for the transfer of a pathogen

what is a cyst

a closed sac in a region of tissue

what 4 catagories can protozoa be separated into

→ amoebae

→flagellates

→cilliates

→sporozoa

what is a protozoa

a single celled organism