Psych Exam 4

Personality

A unique pattern of stable (lasting) thoughts, feelings, and actions that characterize a person (assume its stable over time, balances stability and uniqueness)

Psychoanalytic Theories

frued, erikson, and Horney; all psychoanalytic theories have conflict (good vs. evil)

three components of personality

ID, Superego, Ego (Frued)

Id

Basic urges and inborn instincts; unconscious (ex. hunger, sex, aggression, etc.)
-Immediate gratification
-Can't satisfy in real life
-Pleasure principle

Pleasure Principle

the fundamental human motive to obtain pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort (infants are driven by this)

Superego

-a person's conscience, preconscious
-evaluates right from wrong
-internalized ideals/rules of culture, group
-develop later in childhood (5 to 6 years old)
-Can never satisfy (can never be perfect/good enough)

Ego

when gratification is deferred, develops after birth (hunger)
-Reality principle
-Mediates between id and superego

Reality Pleasure

the capacity to postpone gratification until the appropriate timer and circumstances exist in the external world

Psychosexual Development Theory

based on where sexual energy resides (libido)
-Conflict at each stage, must be resolved in order to move on to next
-Birth to puberty

Freuds psychosexual stages

oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital

Oral

Birth-1 year
Mouth is central to development

Anal

1-3 years
potty training; release "gross things"

Phallic

3-6 years
When kids start to act like their gender roles
-Identification: the resolution of the Oedipus complex; repressing feelings
-Oedipus and Electra complex

Latency

6-12 years
learn the tools of society

Genital

12-adulthood
pleasure

Defense Mechanisms

all are unconscious

Denial

defense mechanism; most common

Ego defense mechanisms

tricks are lies that your ego uses to keep balance

Repression

taking a unwanted thought or memory and pushing it out of your consciousness

Rationalization

self-justification; place the blame elsewhere

projection

take what's inside you and projecting that emotion on to the people around you

Reaction Formation

make impulses seem the opposite (love to hate)

Displacement

aiming impulse at a more acceptable target (parents instead of professor)

Sublimation

diverting impulse from its immediate goal to one of a more acceptable social, moral, or aesthetic nature or use

Freudian slips

accidentally say what you're really thinking

Free association

say a word, someone says exactly what comes to your mind

Projective Tests

shows something neutral and ask someone what they think it means (not valid, not reliable, don't work)

insight

What is the goal of therapy?

Resistance

when you get close to something emotional, you avoid it or get mad (psychodynamic therapy)

Transference

when the client uses the therapist to project their issues on to (psychodynamic therapy)

Humanism

1960s
Free will
Main motivation is to reach your potential
Maslow and Rogers

Maslows Hierarchy of needs

bottom-top:
physiological needs
safety needs
belongingness and love need
esteem needs
self-actualization

physiological needs

things you need to survive (food, drink, oxygen, constant, temperature)

Safety Needs

security, safety

Belongingness and love needs

social interactions

Esteem needs

prestige, fame, feeling of accomplishment

Self actualization

achieving one's full potential, including creative activities

Actualizing tendency

you having to become who you are; realizing your potential

positive regard

when your accepted by other people

how personality is shaped

actualizing tendency and judgement (by others and yourself)

Unconditional positive regard

acceptance no matter what

conditional positive regard

trying to please people (if you don't dress a certain way people won't like you)

incongruency

who you think you should be and who you actually are don't match

client centered therapy

goal is to get you to see who you really are
-Accurate empathy
-Genuiness

Accurate empathy

accurately reflecting back to client what they are feeling

Genuineness

honest communication

Cognitive therapies

these are therapies that involve how you think and interpret your world

Internal, stable, negative

depression

External, temporary, positive

successful coping

Learned helplessness

when you can't control things that are happening to you
-Causes you to stop trying

Trait

individual characteristic of your personality (have to be stable across context)

Big five trait theory

conscientiousness
agreeableness
neuroticism
openness
extraversion

Behavior therapies

no free will
-emphasizes on helping clients with psychological problems
-can be changed without looking for hidden meaning
goal: retraining

Systematic desensitization

the client visualizes a series of anxiety-provoking stimuli while remains relaxed (basically getting closer and closer to the thing you're afraid of)

modeling

the client learns desirable behaviors by watching the therapist or other people demonstrate those behaviors (they eventual model those behaviors)

assertiveness and social skills training

the client is taught how to interact with people more comfortably and effectively

Flooding

a procedure that takes people in a situation where they are afraid but can't get hurt and you take away the rewards for escape or emotional until they have no other option but to calm back down

Aversive conditioning

associate discomfort with undesired behavior (Pavlov)

Electroconvulsive therapy

brief shock administered to brain, reduce depression that doesn't respond to drugs
effects: short term memory loss

behavior therapies

what type of therapy is better for phobias and compulsion

cognitive therapies

what type of therapy is better for mental illness

Psychological disorders

-real, but not biological
-can't be measured

deviant, distressful, dysfunctional

for something to be a psychological disorder is must be

deviant

cultural value, not sociably acceptable; different

distressful

personally distressful; you don't like being this way

dysfunctional

interferes with things you needs to thrive in the context you're in

diagnosis

can they get the same diagnosis every time

treatment

are there treatments that can get rid of these

cure

is there a cure

rosenhan

you can fake a mental illness, but not a physical ones

depression and schizophrenia

which two mental illnesses are the only ones that are universal in all cultures

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual

look up symptoms in the book to find the diagnosis and provides you with the appropriate treatments
-consistency, objectivity, appropriate treatments, insurance reimbursement

Generalized anxiety disorder

not tied to anything specific, high chronic anxiety/nervousness (happens all the time; free floating)
-Seen twice as much as females

panic disorders

feeling of intense terror that a comes with no warning
physical symptoms: chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness
-two thirds are females

Sympathetic nervous system

what nervous system involves panic disorders

phobias

irrational fear of something specific

acquisition of phobia

product of classical conditioning

maintenance of phobias

product of operant conditioning

flooding

blocking the escape from the fear

PTSD

enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event
-women are more than twice as likely to develop PTSD than men

Obsessive compulsive disorder

securing thought about something negative that you can't get rid of unless you do a certain behavior (think germs are everywhere, so you wash your hands all the time)

Dissociative

to separate from something

dissociative identity disorder

individual experiences two or more distinct identities or personality (very controversial)

SZASZ

a person; came up with medical model and patient role

medical model

you can’t diagnose mental illness the way we diagnose physical ones

\-Steps

Diagnosis: can they get the same diagnosis every time

Treatment: are there treatments that can get rid of these

Cure: is there a cure

patient role

people being to take on the assumed role

Cultural Relativity

\-poverty, stress conformity, different symptoms

the only two mental illnesses that are universal in all cultures is depression and schizophrenia

Mood disorders

age of onset is end of adolescence (20s)

\-high or low energy

depression

lack of energy and feelings of negativity (last two or more weeks)

\-boys typically act up, girls act in (causes girls to keep everything in which leads to depression)

major depressive disorder

two or more major depressive episodes marked by feelings of sadness, worthlessness, despair

\-the average length of episodes is 5-7 months; the average # of episodes is 5-6)

\-twice as high in women

bipolar disorder

energy swings from low to high; controversial (less common than depression)

\-equal in males and females

(Depression) -

personality disorder

an enduring quality that causes subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning

clusters of personality disorders

paranoid/anxious, odd/eccentric, and dramatic/impulsive

narcissistic personality disorder

marked by a grandiose sense of self-important, a sense of entitlement, and an excessive need for attention and admiration (more common in males)

antisocial personality disorder

weak superego, sense of wrong or right is not there, manipulative, careless; universal lack of conscience, often charming, and show no remorse

schizophrenia

disorganized thinking, deterioration of adaptive behavior strange or bizarre thoughts that do not coincide with reality

word salad

words are jumbled and don’t make sense

catatonia

when you freeze or do something repetitive for hours (common in schizophrenics)

paranoia

someone is coming after you (must believe you are worth to be chased for you to have paranoia)

delusions of grandeur

you are special, one of a kind