Carbohydrate Metabolism and Thermoregulation

These flashcards cover the major concepts of carbohydrate metabolism, ATP production, glucose catabolism pathways, and thermoregulation mechanisms as discussed in the lecture.

What is the equation representing glucose oxidation in cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O.

What are the three major pathways of glucose catabolism?

Glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and aerobic respiration.

What is the function of ATP in glucose metabolism?

ATP serves as the energy transfer molecule.

What occurs during glycolysis?

Glucose (6 C) is split into two pyruvate molecules (3 C), producing NADH and ATP.

What is the fate of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions?

Pyruvate is reduced to lactate during anaerobic fermentation.

What are the two key coenzymes involved in glucose metabolism?

NAD+ (derived from niacin) and FAD (derived from riboflavin).

What is glycogenesis?

The synthesis of glycogen stimulated by insulin.

Define gluconeogenesis.

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates, primarily occurring in the liver.

What are the principal factors that influence metabolic rate?

Physical activity, mental state, and hormonal regulation.

What mechanisms regulate body temperature?

The hypothalamus monitors blood temperature and sends signals to heat-loss or heat-promoting centers.

How does the body lose heat?

Through radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.

What happens during the absorptive state?

Nutrients are being absorbed and energy needs are met from newly absorbed nutrients.

What are the consequences of excess lactate production during anaerobic respiration?

Lactate is toxic and may disrupt normal metabolic functions.