Psychology Chapter 6: Memory

Implicit Memory

-Think of this as any of the things you're able to do without having to actively think about it.

-tying shoes

-automatic skills,physical activities

Explicit Memory

Relates to anything where you have to pause and think for a while(search for)

-EX: someone asks what did I have for dinner last week, I have to search for answer

-or when was the Civil War

Declarative Memory

VERBALLY EXPLAIN

To declare something

Semantic Memory

Relates to something you have learned at some point

-facts about brain, Civil War, etc.

Episodic/Autobiographic Memory

Any memory that relates to YOUR OWN LIFE

-what you did for your birthday

-what you did last summer

Memory

System that recieves, organizes, alters, stores, and retrieves information gained from the senses

There are three processes of memory

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Encoding

Act of inputting info into memory

Storage

Place where info is retained in memory

Retrieval

process of accessing info in memory and pulling it into consciousness

Consciousness

Organism's awareness of its own mental process and its environment

Attention

Organism's ability to focus its consciousness on some aspect of its own mental process and environment

Explicit Memory

Conscious use of memory.

- search for info/answer to answer a question in your memory

Implicit Memory

The unconscious use of memory.

-Pull into drive and don't remember last few miles of trip. Found way home without being consciously aware of driving.

Printing a document from computer is analogous to which function of memory?

a. Encoding

b. Storage

c. Retrieval

d. Forgetting

C

Which best illustrates the use of explicit memory?

a. Forgetting eggs at grocery store

b. Trying to remember name of woman you once met at a party

c. Automatically thinking of a cat when you see a dog on TV

d. Guessing the correct answer on a multiple-choice test

B

Which best illustrates the use of implicit memory?

a. Knowing the correct answer on test

b. Trying to remember where you left your car keys

c. Forgetting where you left your car keys

d. tying shoes

D

Iconic Sensory Memory

Visual Memory

Echoic Sensory Memory

Sound Memory

Three Models of Memory

Information-Processing Model

Levels-Of-Processsing Model

Parrallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model

Sensory Memory

Very 1st Stage of Memory: Information enters the nervous system through sensory systems

Iconic Sensory Memory

Echoic Sensory Memory

Short-Term Memory (STM)

Information is HELD for brief periods of time.

-2nd stage of memory processing

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

The systerm of memory into which information is place to be kept more or less permanently.

-Elaborative Rehearsal

Dual coding system

System of memory that encodes info in more than one type of code or format.

-Short term memory and stored visually or acoustically

George Miller

Seven(plus/minus two)

-Capacity of things remember in STM

Chunking

Bits of information are combined into meaningful units, or chunks, so more information can be held in short term memory

Forgetting Curve

A graph of the amount of learned information that is forgotten over time

Elaborative Rehearsal

Forming associations or links between info one is learning and info already stored in LTM so as to facilitate the transfer of new info into LTM

-Using jingles to remember things

Information-Processing Model

Memory storage is similar to a computer process

Levels-Of-Processesing Model

Information that is "deeply processed" according to its meaning will be remembered better and recalled from LTM

Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart

-Levels of processing model

First proposed that only way to get info into LTM was to use ELABORATE REHEARSAL

Primacy Effect

The tendency for people to recall words from beginning of a list better than appeared in middle of list

Recency Effect

The tendency for people to recall words from end of a list better than words that appeared in the middle of the list.

Working Memory

A multifaceted component of LTM that contains STM, a central executive, a phonological loop, and a visuospatial sketch pad.

-Function is to access, move, and process info that we are currently using

Central Executive

Attention-controlling of working memory

-Subordinate systems:

Phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad

Three Stages Model

-Memory consists of 3 stages:sensory, LTM,STM

-STM is a single component of memory that is separate from LTM

-Memory operates in a serial fashion

-3 stages model cannot easily explain some cognitive processes like top-down perceptual processing

Working Memory Model

-Consists of several interacting components:sensory memory, working memory, and LTM.

-Working memory is multicomponent part of LTM that includes STM, Central Executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad.

-Memory operates in a parallel fashion

-Because Working memory Model is parallel model of memory, it can better account for top-down perceptual processing

In Working Memory there are

3 Interrelated Working Memory Systems:

1. Visual Sketchpad

2. Auditory recorder(Loop)

3. Central Executive

Which view of memory holds that info must pass through the memory storage systems in a serial fashion?

a. three stages model

b. Working memory view of memory

c. Parallel processing view of memory

d. All of the above

A

When you are listening to classical music, which component of working memory are you LEAST likely to be using?

a. Phonological Loop

b. Central executive

c. The visuospatial sketch pad

d. Short-term memory

C

Which is the BEST example of elaborative rehearsal?

a. Reading a chapter in your textbook three times

b. Relating material to your personal experiences

c. Using flashcards of key concepts in your chapter

d. Repeatedly reading over lecture notes

B

Semantic Encoding

Encoding memory traces in terms of meaning of the info being stored

Schema

An organized, generalized knowledge structure in LTM

Short-Term Memory (STM)

(2 Types)

Average Capacity=

Chunking

Maintenance Rehearsal

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeating information over and over in one's head (or out loud) to maintain it in short-term memory. (auditory)

Duration of Short-Term Memory

12-30 Seconds with out rehearsal

Types of Long-Term Memory

Procedural (non-delacrative)

Declarative memory (Explicit Memory)

Procedural LTM

Memory not typically brought into conscious awarness

Declarative Memory

LTM encompassing memories that are easily verbalized

-Episodic and semantic memories

Types of Declarative Memory (LTM)

Semantic Memory

Episodic Memory

Episodic Memory

Daily experiences or daily events

-enhanced by elab. rehearsal

Semantic Memory

-Conceptual info

-as reading this chapter, you are adding to this memory by increasing knowledge of PSY

Type of declarative that are taught or learned like language

-enhanced by elab. rehearsal

Semantic and Episodic Memory are forms of ______ memory. (Definition)

Explicit Memory: memory that is consiously known

Autobiographical memory

Memory from our past that gives us a sense of personal history

-childhood memories

Procedural Memory

LTM for skills and behaviors

-not readily put into words

Formation of Long-Term Memory (What, Where, Change)

Engram

Hippocampus

Consolidation

Retrograde Amnesia

Amnesia in which one is UNABLE to retrieve previously stored memories from LTM

Anterograde Amnesia

Amnesia in which one is UNABLE to STORE new memories in LTM

Remembering the Definition of ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL is an example of _____ memory?

a. Semantic

b. Episodic

c. Procedural

d. Sensory

A

You know how to behave when you go to a fast food restaurant because you have a _____ stored in LTM for this event.

a. Episode

b. icon

c. schema

d. proposition

C

Which of the following is the BEST example of semantic encoding in LTM?

a. Remembering how to play tune to your favorite song on guitar

b. Remembering the name of artist who sings fav song

c. Hearing the tune to your favorite song in your head

d. Seeing the face of artist who sings your favorite song in your head

B

Engram

The physical change in the brain when memory is formed

Ex. Those that play the violin have a larger part in brain

Consolidation

Neurons change structure in brain

Hippocampus

Area of brain responsible for the formation of Long-Term Memory

Organization of Memory

Long-Term Memory is organized in terms of related meaning and concepts.

Sematic Network Model

Sematic Network Model

Theory that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion

Cues to Help Rememer

Retrieval Cue

Encoding Specificity

State Dependent Learning

Retrieval Cue

A stimulus for remembering

Encoding Specificity

The tendency for memory to be improving if surroundings match at encoding and retrival. The tendency for memory to be better if you take a test where you learned the information

State Dependent Learning

When learning in altered state, it is easier to recall things in same altered state

Recall

A type of retrieval process in which the prove/cue does not contain a great deal of information

-test question

Recall

Serial Position Effect is Made of

Primary Effect: tend to remember the first part

Recency Effect: remember the most recent or last

Recognition

A retrieval process in which the probe/cue contains a great deal of information,

Tip of the tongue Phenomenon

Knowing that you know a piece of information, even though you cannot recall it at the moment

-DUE TO INTERFERENCE

Interference

Condition in which the memory trace is available but is inaccessible

Proactive Interference

Occurs when older memory traces INHIBIT the retrieval of newer memory traces

Retroactive Interference

Forgetting that occurs when newer memory traces inhibit the retrieval of older memory traces

-EX: moving to new house and then forgetting older address

Cue-Dependent Forgetting

Type of forgetting that occurs when one cannot recall info in a context other than the context in which it was encoded.

-Theory that info we can retrieve from LTM is function of type of cue used.

-Things remembered in same setting they were taught, learned

Repression

Type of forgetting proposed by Sigmund Freud in which memories for events, desires, or impulses that we find threatening are pushed into an inaccessible part of the mind called the unconscious

Decay Theory

Memory traces that are not routinely activated erode and disappear over time

You meet an old friend on the street and search your memory for his name.. This is an example of which retrieval task?

a. Recall

b. Recognition

c. Implicit retrieval

d. Retrieval based on encoding specifically

A

Decay Theory states that forgetting is due to a lack of_________, whereas interference theory states that forgetting is due to lack of_____.

a. Availability; accessibility

b. Accessibility; availability

c. Encoding; accessibility

d. Encoding; availability

A

Mary was married 6 months ago. Her friends continue to call her by her maiden name. Mary's friends are experiencing which memory phenomenon?

a. Encoding Specificity

b. Repression

c. Proactive interference

d. Retroactive interference

C

False Posative

Error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory. (really believe it to be true and don't admit to being wrong)

Flashbulb Memory

An unusually detailed and seemingly accurate memory for an emotionally charged event

Reconstructive Memory

Memory based on retrieval of memory traces that contain the actual details of events we have experienced.

Constructive Memory

Memory that utilizes knowledge and expectations to fill in the missing details in retrieved memory traces

Misinformation Effect

The distortion of memory that occurs when people are exposed to information

In recalling his date from last Saturday night, Juan assumes that she was wearing shoes, even though he did not encode the details of what her shoes look like. Juan's memory is an example of?

a. Constructive memory

b. Reconstructive memory

c. procedural memory

d. encoding specificity

A

In previous question about Juan, his recollection of his date is MOST likely to be the result of________?

a. Reconstructive memory

b. Constructive memory

c. Constructive and Reconstructive memory

d. Memory that is like a videotape-an exact copy of what he experienced on the date

C

Which of the following events is most likely to produce a flashbulb memory?

a. Taking a difficult math test

b. Being in a serious car accident

c. Having a heated discussion with your best friend

d. Going to a very scary movie on a date

B

Memory Consolidation

The stabilization and long-term storage of memory traces in the brain

Which of the following tasks would be the most difficult for an adult with anterograde amnesia?

a. learning to jump rope

b. Learning to play a new video game

c. Recalling his fifth birthday party

d. Learning psychology

D

Sarah is learning a list of new words. If you took a PET scan of her brain as she completed this task, where would you expect to see the greatest brain activity?

a. Cerebellum

b. hypothalamus

c. hippocampus

d. Right frontal lobe

C

José was in a car accident and he damaged his cerebellum. Which of the following task would be most difficult for José after his accident?

a. Learning to play piano

b. Learning psychology

Recalling his childhood

d. Remembering what he had for breakfast

A

Retrival Problems and Witnesses

Constructive Processing:

memories that are altered, revised or influenced by experience or new information

Retrival Problems and Witnesses

Misinformation effect-

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Retrival Problems and Witnesses

Source Monitoring Error-

Think you rememeber but are getting info from other source

Retrival Problems and Witnesses

Suggestive Questioning-

Questioning that sways the person who is being asked

Retrival Problems and Witnesses

Photo-Spread/Line up Bias

It lines people up to be choosen, when person may no even be in line up