secularization

Wilson

(for secularization)

Church attendance and religious belief are in decline in Britain.

Bruce

(for secularization)

Religious institutions have lost influence; more people are ‘believing without belonging’.

Gill et al.

(for secularisation)

Surveys show decline in traditional religious belief.

Davie

(against secularization)

‘Believing without belonging’; people are still spiritual.

Vicarious religion (Davie)

against secularization

People let others (e.g., clergy) believe on their behalf.

Spiritual shopping (Hervieu-Léger)

(against secularization)

People choose their beliefs, leading to individualised religion.

• Postmodernism

(against secularization)

Religion hasn’t disappeared, just changed form.

Norris and Inglehart

(global secularization)

Existential security theory: religion thrives in poor countries where life is uncertain.

Berger (later)

(global secularization)

• Changed his view: global Pentecostalism shows religion isn’t dying but adapting.