Untitled Flashcards Set

What is peak bone mass, and when is it reached?

Peak bone mass is the highest amount of bone density, typically reached in the mid-20s.

What happens to bone remodeling after peak bone mass is reached?

Bone remodeling continues through a cyclic process of bone resorption and deposition.

What condition results from rapidly increased bone resorption?

Osteoporosis.

Who experiences a greater amount of bone loss as they age, men or women?

Women experience a greater amount of bone loss.

What role does estrogen play in bone density maintenance?

Estrogen is crucial for osteoblasts that form new bone and its decreased levels can lead to bone loss.

What exercises are recommended to reduce osteoporosis risk?

Regular physical activity, including strength training, balance training, and fast walking.

What are common postural changes observed with aging?

Kyphosis, backward head tilt, and slight flexion of hips and knees.

What causes a decrease in height in older adults?

Loss of water content and thinning of intervertebral discs, plus decreased height of vertebrae due to osteoporosis.

What body fat distribution changes occur with aging?

Fat is lost in the face and deposited in the abdomen and hips.

What happens to muscle mass with aging?

There is an absolute loss of muscle mass; some muscles decrease in size and undergo atrophy.

How does a sedentary lifestyle affect musculoskeletal changes in the aging population?

It hastens musculoskeletal changes.

What should older adults maintain to prevent bone loss?

Engagement in physical exercise.

What subjective data should be collected regarding joints?

Pain, stiffness, swelling, heat, redness, and limitation of movement.

What might joint pain accompanied by fever indicate?

It suggests an underlying inflammation or infection.

How is muscle cramping usually experienced?

As pain or aching, typically in the calf muscles with walking.

What signifies a potential joint injury during a knee assessment?

Hearing a pop during movement.

What condition could cause morning stiffness in joints?

Rheumatoid arthritis.

What visual cues suggest acute inflammation in joints?

Swelling, heat, and redness.

Which activities may reveal limitations in ADLs for patients with musculoskeletal issues?

Bathing, toileting, dressing, grooming, eating, mobility, and communicating.

What is the purpose of a functional assessment in ADLs?

To screen for safety of independent living and need for health services.

What is a common test for joint swelling in the knee?

The bulge sign.

What finding in a shoulder assessment could indicate a rotator cuff problem?

Atrophy in the shoulder area.

What indicates decreased range of motion in the temporomandibular joint?

Inflammation and arthritis.

What does the term 'genu varum' refer to?

Bowlegs.

What does 'genu valgum' denote?

Knock-knees.

What are Heberden and Bouchard nodules associated with?

Osteoarthritis.

What test detects carpal tunnel syndrome?

Phalen Test.

What abnormality occurs in hallux valgus?

The distal part of the great toe is directed away from the body midline.

What is the expected range for plantar flexion of the toes?

45 degrees.

What constitutes a positive McMurray Test?

Hearing or feeling a click during knee movement, indicating a torn meniscus.

What is a common complication of knee injuries?

Ligament injuries leading to instability.

What is a sign of chronic pain influencing emotional health?

Increased anxiety symptoms.

What assessment can indicate osteoporosis risk in women aged 65 or older?

DXA scan for bone density.

What signifies acute inflammation of the elbow joint?

Heat and tenderness upon palpation.

How does obesity contribute to musculoskeletal issues in adults?

Increases stress on joints, leading to pain and dysfunction.

What decreases muscle strength and leads to muscle atrophy?

Inactivity and disuse.

Why is it important to compare left and right limbs during assessment?

To identify asymmetry and potential abnormalities.

What indicates a knee joint effusion upon palpation?

Soft, boggy swelling in the knee.

What is the purpose of using a goniometer in physical assessments?

To measure range of motion accurately.

What can a history of falls suggest about a patient?

Increased risk for future falls.

What is the role of calcium and vitamin D in musculoskeletal health?

They are essential for bone health and preventing osteoporosis.

What is the primary objective during a musculoskeletal examination?

To assess function for activities of daily living and screen for abnormalities.

What does ROM stand for in a medical context?

ROM stands for Range of Motion, referring to the amount of movement available at a joint.

What are the grades of ROM assessment?

The grades of ROM are typically classified as follows: 0 (ankylosed), 1 (extremely limited), 2 (slightly limited), 3 (normal), 4 (slightly hypermobile), 5 (extremely hypermobile).

What does a grade 0 ROM indicate?

Grade 0 indicates the joint is ankylosed and has no movement.

What condition may be indicated by a grade 1 or 2 ROM?

A grade 1 or 2 ROM may indicate conditions such as arthritis or joint stiffness.

What does a grade 3 ROM signify?

Grade 3 signifies normal range of motion, indicating no impairment.

What conditions might result in a grade 4 or 5 ROM?

Grades 4 or 5 may indicate hypermobility, potentially caused by conditions like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome.

What are common abnormalities assessed in the musculoskeletal system?

Common abnormalities include joint swelling, limited range of motion, deformities, tenderness, and asymmetry in limb lengths.

What does limited range of motion suggest in musculoskeletal assessment?

Limited range of motion may suggest conditions like contractures, arthritis, or soft tissue injuries.

What type of deformities can be observed in musculoskeletal assessments?

Deformities may include deformities such as valgus or varus deformities in the knees, or scoliosis in the spine.

What is the significance of tenderness in musculoskeletal examinations?

Tenderness can indicate inflammation, injury, or underlying pathology in the affected area.

Why is limb length asymmetry important in musculoskeletal assessments?

Limb length asymmetry can indicate developmental dysplasia, fracture healing issues, or underlying skeletal disorders.