wh

dred scott

slave who sued for his freedom because his master had brought him to free territories

ulysses s grant

general at vicksburg who became commander of all Union armies in 1864

kansas-nebraska act

created potential for slavery in Kansas and Nebraska by allowing popular sovereignty

carpetbagger

northerner who came to the south during reconstruction

emancipation proclamation

decree by President Lincoln that freed enslaved people in Confederate states

compromise of 1877

hayes elected President in exchange for the end of reconstruction

anaconda plan

union strategy to starve the South by blockading seaports and controlling the Mississippi River

popular sovereignty

belief that people of states/territories should decide whether to have slavery, not Congress

robert e lee

top confederate general, originally opposed to secession but who sided with his state of Virginia over the Union

reconstruction

the era concerning the rebuilding and return of the eleven Southern states

compromise of 1850

california admitted as a free state, popular sovereignty in the territories, new fugitive slave law

abraham lincoln

republican who won the Presidency in 1860

harriet beecher stowe

author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

scalawag

white southerner who supported Reconstruction or the Republicans

john brown

antislavery activist who used violence to try to free the slaves

andrew johnson

lincoln's vice president who became the President upon his death

clara barton

union nurse who cared for the sick and wounded on the battlefield

bleeding kansas

violent outbreaks in the territories over whether or not slavery should be allowed

sharecropping

poor farmers who received land, seed, and supplies in exchange for a portion of the crop

total war

military strategy in which an army attacks not only enemy troops but also the economic and the civilian resources that support them

freedmen's bureau

created to provide food, clothing, healthcare, and education for refugees in the South

the south's economy had been destroyed

by the end of the civil war,

was morally wrong and wanted to end it

Abolitionists believed that slavery

restoring the Union

When the Civil War began, what was Abraham's Lincoln's main goal?

The House impeached the President but the Senate failed to remove him

What was the outcome of Johnson's impeachment proceedings?

restricted the 14th amendment

During the 1870's, Supreme Court decisions

required all citizens to support the slave system

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 angered northerns because it

the 13th Amendment

Which of the following fully abolished slavery in the North?

It was the last Confederate city on the Mississippi River

Why was Vicksburg a significant city to both north and south?

remained in rural areas, and worked at jobs such as farming

during Reconstruction, most African American families in the South

an unworkable solution for the territories of Kansas and Nebraska

"Bleeding Kansas" demonstrated that popular sovereignty was

to free slaves in Confederate states

What was the stated aim of the Emancipation Proclamation?

Landowners could lie about expenses to keep sharecroppers in debt

What was the key problem with the sharecropping system?

Gave high-level advisory posts to untrustworthy friends and acquaintances

During his presidency, Ulysses S. Grant

Lincoln, Johnson, Radical Republicans

who are the 3 people/groups that came up with plans for Reconstuction?

Radical Republicans

which reconstruction plan tried to give the most rights to freed slaves

provide education, food, and clothing to freed blacks which would give them a way to make a livelihood

what were some of the goals of the Freedman's Bureau

gave education to blacks, especially children; gave them more rights (voting and citizenship)

2 successes of reconstruction

it had a booming economy with lots of industry that supplied the army with food, weapons, and transportation - gave them the upper hand

How did the Northern economy contribute to a Northern victory during the Civil War?

not effective bc of the corrupt leaders in important positions; bad reputation

How effective was Grant's administration, and what reputation did it have?

he led an uprising at an arsenal to protest slavery & try to get slaves to rebel with him

What did John Brown do at Harper's Ferry?

(Do you think he approached the slavery issue in the right way? Was his punishment fair? \-- short answer)

Anaconda Plan - 3 goals: blockade southern ports, take control of Mississippi River, and capture Richmond; it was effective

How did the North go about accomplishing its goal of maintaining the Union? What was their strategy, and how did it work for them? (short answer)

Sherman's total war

a military march through Georgia to the Atlantic in which all the land was devastated during the Civil War

homestead act

the government offered plots of 160 acres to anyone willing to live there for 5 years

nativism

the belief that native-born white American were superior to new immigrants

vertical integration

gaining control of the different businesses that make up all phases of a product's development

monopoly

when one corporation has complete control of a product/service

WEB Du Bois

a man who believed the African Americans had to achieve social and civil rights first

george pullman

"Captain of Industry" or "Robber Baron" for railroad car manufacturing

steerage

the worst accommodation on a ship; immigrants usually traveled here

grange

farmer's organization, founded to educate farmers and advocate for some railroad regulations

laissez faire

"hands off" - allowed businesses to operate under minimal gov't regulation

wounded knee

massacre where over 100 Indians were killed

reservation

specific area set aside by the government for the Indians use

corporation

a number of investors sharing ownership of business

Battle of Little Big Horn

when Custer and all of his around 250 men were killed

collective bargaining

negotiating as a group for high wages or better working conditions

populist party

a "people's party" who ran candidates for many political offices

horizontal integration

consolidating many firms in the same industry into a single company

ellis island

immigrant processing center in NY harbor

John D. Rockefeller

"Captain of Industry" or "Robber Baron" for oil production and refining

booker t washington

believed that African Americans had to achieve economic rights first

Southern banks did not have the resources to support industrial development

Which of the following limited the economic recovery of the South?

European Protestants

Which group of people made up the majority of immigrants to America before 1870?

State legislation, segregation, and violence limited the freedom of blacks

How did Southern blacks lose some rights?

A new emphasis on acquiring goods

The middle-class lifestyle of the Gilded Age featured

railroad companies and train travelers

The use of standardized time and time zones was introduced in order to benefit

White settlers began wanting the land on the Plains

Why did the policy of treating the whole of the Great Plains as a huge reservation change?

new methods of making steel

What made it possible to construct skyscrapers in the 1800s?

decrease Chinese immigration

The main goal of the Chinese Exclusion Act was to

to get qualified people for gov't jobs, not just people with political loyalty

What was the goal of the Pendleton Civil Service Act?

outlawed the formation of trusts that interfered with free trade

The Sherman Antitrust Act

branded cows, barbwire fences

how did farmers and ranchers compete with each other for resources on the plains?

industry grew - new factories came, making new jobs, but working and living conditions declined

how did American city life change in the period after the Civil War

entertainment - MLB baseball and sports, circuses, amusement parks

In which leisure activities did people in the Gilded Age engage that remain popular today?

groups like the KKK wanted to scare blacks into silence again to keep them from getting rights, used fear to control people

Why did lynchings take place? What were groups like the KKK trying to accomplish?

barbed wire caused obstacles, railroad expansion led to stations close to home

What caused the end of long cattle drives over the open range?

Homestead Act offered free farming land

What economic opportunities drew large numbers of people to the Great Plains beginning in the mid-1800s?

made goods more available, provided jobs, increased transportation

increased bad working conditions, child labor, monopolies,

How was the US affected by industrialization - benefits and costs? (short answer)

They sought to improve economic conditions for farmers by educating them on new possibilities of crops and equipment. They also worked to stop the railroad company from hurting farmers with their huge transport fees.

What effect did organizations and movements such as the grange, farmers' alliance, and populism have on the country in the late 1800s? (short answer)

open door policy

American policy toward China opposing colonization, promoting free trade

yellow press

journalism that is based on sensationalism and crude exaggeration

muckraker

journalists who exposed the ugly underside of city and industrial life

jose marti

cuban patriot, spend time in exile in the US

imperialism

policy where strong nations extend political, military, & economic control over weaker territories

boxer rebellion

attempt by Chinese martial arts society to oust the "foreign devils"

Great White Fleet

the 16 battleships Teddy Roosevelt sent on a "good will tour" around the world

progressivism

a movement that believed new ideas and honest gov't could bring social reforms

settlement house

A community center that provided social services to the urban poor and immigrants

William Randolph Hearst

New York newspaper editor, called for war with Spain

Pure Food Drug Act

required accurate labels and quality controls for food and medicine

Rough Riders

Teddy Roosevelt's cavalry regiment in the Spanish-American War

temperance movement

a movement to try to ban drinking of alcohol

"Big Stick" Diplomacy

Roosevelt's foreign policy, using a strong military to achieve America's goals

social gospel

a Christian movement to help the poor and immigrants, more than preach the good news

sixteenth amendment

gave the government to impose an income tax

guerilla warfare

nontraditional warfare involving small bands of fighters attacking behind enemy lines

william mckinley

republican president from 1897-1901, when he was assassinated